tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-56457109343351820602010-12-16T10:04:48.060-08:00Engineering SeminarsNashid Usmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16399294491026500382noreply@blogger.comBlogger10125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5645710934335182060.post-62565258499496250702010-12-16T09:59:00.000-08:002010-12-16T10:04:48.131-08:002010-12-16T10:04:48.131-08:00DEMOLITION OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES<h1 style="text-align:justify"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 15px; ">This seminar paper is dealing with the demolition technology that is<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>practiced to demolish the concrete structures in a controlled way especially in Indian conditions. The important methods practiced in this field are mentioned. The need, requirements and investigation required for demolition process are discussed.</span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Keywords:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">explosives, blasting, SCDA,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>CFI, water jet, hammers<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <h1 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></span></h1> <h1 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none">1 INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></h1> <h1 style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"><span style="font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none">When the phrase "building demolition" is spoken in everyday conversation, most people visualize a giant structure exploding and crashing to the ground in a fury of dust and debris. This despite the fact that only a tiny fraction of all structural demolition projects involves explosives, or for that matter, buildings don't actually “explode” or “implode” in the process.<o:p></o:p></span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Demolition is the deliberate destruction of structures and materials by means of explosives, mechanical devices, fire, chemical agent etc. the demolition can be broadly divided into two by considering the nature of demolition, which are commercial demolition and military demolition. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Commercial demolition is the controlled demolition of the structure employing both mechanical means and explosives. Here the wrecker will give priority to the safety of surrounding buildings and the inhabitants. Accordingly the method of demolition is chosen. There are many methods such as cutting torch, wrecking ball or by using high power water jet, hydraulic hammers etc. When explosives are used linear shaped cyclonite or RDX are used to demolish steel framed buildings and dynamite is used to demolish reinforced concrete structures. Shaping and placing the charges requires the service of a demolition expert.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Military demolition is that kind of demolition where the main aim is to destruct more area. In military demolition, explosives are frequently used because they weigh relatively low </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1027" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251658240'" from="0,5.05pt" to="135pt,5.05pt"><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout;position:relative;z-index:251658240;left:-1px; top:6px;width:182px;height:8px"><img width="182" height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1027" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">Under Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">N.S.S</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">College</st1:placetype></st1:place> of Engineering, Palakkad-08, Kerala.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">and have great destructive power. Some of the examples of such explosives are ammonium nitrate, trinitrotoluene etc.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Only commercial demolition of concrete structures is discussed here.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"><span class="serif1"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">With the increase in demolition on congested urban sites, the construction industry has been obliged to develop more efficient demolition techniques which are quieter and less intrusive. This work deals with both the theoretical and practical aspects of the demolition of concrete and masonry buildings and the recycling of the demolished materials.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height: 150%">2</span></b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">NEED TO DEVELOP DEMOLITION TECHNOLOGY IN <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">INDIA</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Demolition is the one area <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> has never bothered to concentrate upon. Developing country’s emphasis has been on construction rather than on proper demolition of unsafe and outdated structures. They develop cold feet when it comes the demolition technology.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">There exist numerable old and unsafe building to be demolished to give way to new multistoried building, half lane bridges that need to be demolished to give to wide and safe bridge, traffic is increasing day by day and business on the rise thus demanding more and more buildings, offices, commercial buildings, dwelling units and a well connected and capable road transport network. All this is possible only if the old and outdated structures are removed and freed for new over to come up. The government needs to demolish the buildings which violate the building rules and regulation which ensure structural safety, health safety, fire safety and construction safety of the building. In many factories chemical compound plays an important role. Such factory buildings will become deteriorated in the long run by the action of chemicals. So the only choice is to demolish and reconstruct those structures. Because of all, the need to develop demolition technology is increasing nowadays.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">In <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>, demolition is avoided as if it is something auspicious, involving wasteful expenditure. Another factor is the crude method of demolition. Even nowadays, chisels and hammers are using for the major part of demolition work. Running a bull-dozer into the building, or using pneumatic jack hammers are not the advanced teqnique in the demolition technology. The major problem is that, there exist no planned works to execute demolition. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"><st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> must develop demolition technology suitable to Indian condition. For this the structures are to be categorized and requirements are to be defined. The blind adoption of the technique being practiced in the foreign countries may not be constructive to <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> layout on a broader scale and from demolition point of view the Indian structures are divided into<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">(i)<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Tall chimneys of power plant and large sized natural draught cooling towers.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">(ii)<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Multistoried buildings.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">(iii) Heavily reinforced bridges and buildings.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">(iv) Ordinary buildings, houses, bridge structures etc.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">3 REQUIREMENTS OF AN IDEAL DEMOLITION PROCESS</b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Thinking of the requirements that the demolition technology should fulfill, the following shall form an ideal list.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>(i)<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Quicker demolition.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>(ii)<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Quitter demolition.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>(iii)<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Cheaper demolition.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>(iv)<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Environment friendly demolition.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; tab-stops:63.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>(v)<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Demolition causing least disturbance in the neighborhood.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Therefore whenever a structure is to be demolished it must be seen that the method adopt in such a way that take minimum time, produce least noise, causes no pollution beyond permissible limit, does not the activity or living in the neighborhood and proves cheaper also.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height: 150%">4</span></b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">INSPECTIONS BEFORE DEMOLITION <o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Physical surveys: - It essential to survey the surroundings of the structure to be demolished. The surrounding will decide whether the structure is to be toppled or made to collapse. The position of water supply lines, telephone lines and electric wires are also to be considered. It has to be ensured that the supplies to the adjacent buildings are not disturbed. Wherever explosion demolition technology are not disturbed is to be used, it is to be seen that the equipment installed in the near by buildings are not affected by the vibration produced by the explosion. If a demolition involves rise of clouds of dust, the ducts of AC System in the adjacent buildings are to be sealed against entry of dust in them. Overall approach has to be taken to cause least disturbance to the surroundings.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">We have to give special importance to the reusable materials before demolition. The item removed can be re used during the construction of new development or sold to a salvaging company. This is known as deconstruction. These are done considering the economic aspects.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">The construction joints of the structure to be dismantled will not be available as it may be over 40 to 50 years as since the time structure was built. Therefore core test may be done to have an idea of the concrete strength or density of reinforcement the position of the expansion joints in the building should also be assessed as it will help in planning the demolition of the building.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h1 style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:150%;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">5 METHODS OF DEMOLITION<o:p></o:p></span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">The following information is a summary of techniques that have been used, in one form or another, to remove concrete structures. There are many methods which are practiced, to demolish the structures. The method demolition for a particular project will depends on the economic considerations, nuisance to the public, near by structures, duration of the operation etc. By considering the methods followed in demolition technology it can be divided into 4</p> <ol style="margin-top:0in" start="1" type="i"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>By using chemicals.</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>By using water-jet.</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>By using thermal energy.</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>By using machine.</li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height: 150%">5.1 BY USING CHEMICALS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">There are two types of chemicals, one type will cause explosive demolition of the structure, where the other cause non explosive demolition. The method is commonly known as blasting where the second is commonly known as soundless chemical demolition.<b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <h1 style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="text-decoration: none;text-underline:none"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>5.1.1 BLASTING<o:p></o:p></span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style="'width:345pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg" href="../SHARATH/d2_files/ww2a.jpg" blacklevel="1966f" grayscale="t"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="460" height="272" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" hspace="25" vspace="25" shapes="_x0000_i1025" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>FIG.1<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Blasting seems to be more cost effective and is perhaps the largest used method. Explosive demolition technology has become most popular in foreign countries. High-rise chimneys and cooling towers are made to collapse through telescopic technique by placing explosives in such a manner that almost vertical collapse occurs. Under this technique large compressive stresses are produced at the base of the structure and it descends in a continuous manner like a house of cards. While the explosives cause the initial collapse further fragmentation is caused by the gravity. The explosives are used to weaken and cue the supporting members of the structure to fail, thus allowing gravity to pull the structure down over. Use of all types of explosives requires heavy security during operation time. With controlled blasting localized cutting in concrete to create small opening of about a square meter area or so is also possible. Normally the explosives are inserted in a series of bore holes, or in v shaped metal enclosures, which are easy to attach to the surface of concrete.</p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:0in;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Blasters know how to calculate the efficiency of energy they use. By using only the amount of energy it takes to perform the job at pond, one can be assured that there isn’t enough left over to cause any ground vibration damage to properties outside the blast site.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Mini blasting is a new technique, where controlled blasting is done with mild explosives. Incase of mild explosives the blasting speed is 30 m/s while that of ordinary explosives is 4000-7000 m/sate characteristics of blasting can be summarized as </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Versatile and flexible in terms of work output </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Vibration and air blast may damage surrounding structures </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Heightened safety considerations involved when compared to other demolition methods</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">5.1.2 NON EXPLOSIVES<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5.1.2.1. SOUNDLESS CHEMICAL DEMOLITION AGENTS</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><i><span style="color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style="'width:243pt;height:176.25pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg" href="../SHARATH/c1_files/demol3.jpg" grayscale="t"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="324" height="235" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1026" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><i><span style="color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></i><span style="color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>FIG 2<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;line-height: 150%">Soundless chemical demolition agents (SCDAs) have proven to be viable substitutes for the use of explosives. SCDAs are powdery materials that will expand considerably when mixed with water. This expansion, when occurring under confinement, generates significant expansive pressures. These pressures are sufficient to break up rock and concrete when the SCDA is confined in a borehole or a series of boreholes. Experiments have been conducted with SCDAs to learn more about those variables that tend to hamper or change SCDA performance. Results show that the amount of mixing water and the ambient temperature are the most important variables in influencing the generation of SCDA expansive pressures.</p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">The preparatory procedures involved in using SCDAs are similar to those followed in traditional blasting techniques. As with explosives, boreholes must be drilled to contain the SCDA. Beyond this, however, the similarities diminish. The SCDA must be mixed with a measured quantity of water and poured into the boreholes. It will then begin to hydrate, generating heat and crystallizing while hardening and expanding. If hydration takes place under confinement, significant expansive pressure will result. The pressures can be of sufficient magnitude that, after a period of time, they will fracture the confining material. Depending on the type of SCDA, significant expansive pressure may be generated as quickly as within 15 min., or as long as within 24 hr. The main component of SCDAs is calcium oxide, which forms calcium hydroxide when water is added; it causes a threefold increase in volume.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style="'width:459pt;height:150.75pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg" href="../SHARATH/c1_files/demol.jpg" gain="93623f" blacklevel="-1966f" grayscale="t"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="612" height="201" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1027" /><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:0in;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>FIG 3</p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:0in;line-height:150%">BENIFITS</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">They do not make noise, explode, or generate fly rock, vibration or toxic fumes. SCDAs are also safer than traditional explosives, which pose the threat of premature explosion and which may misfire, posing a significant threat after the planned explosion. Contrary to explosives, SCDAs produce their destructive forces in rock and concrete by generating significant expansive forces without generating shock waves. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">While there are several advantages to using SCDAs, their relatively high cost makes explosives more cost-effective in many applications. Nonetheless, SCDAs have become a common means of breaking up boulders that have rolled onto remote mountain highways. SCDAs have also been used when excavating rock, or demolishing concrete structures or components of concrete structures near inhabited areas, natural gas lines, roadways or other areas where the use of explosives would pose a significant safety risk. SCDAs have generally been used only where blasting is prohibited, and will eliminate fly rock, noise, fumes, and vibrations associated with blasting. SCDAs have been used underwater in <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Seattle</st1:place></st1:city> to remove bridge piers from docks and to avoid blasting close to shore.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">STATUS</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>SCDAs are manufactured primarily in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Russia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, and some countries in <st1:place st="on">Europe</st1:place>. In US, Demolition Technologies Incorporated is distributor of BRISTAR from Onoda Corp., <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>, and Daigh Company is distributor of Fract.AG from Chimica Adile, Italia. </p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Although the use of explosives remains the principal means by which rock and concrete structures are demolished, there has been and increased use of SCDAs over the past two decades. There is still little standardization surrounding the manufacture and use of SCDAs. In fact, there is not even a consensus as to the proper terminology by which reference should be made to SCDAs. Other terms by which SCDAs are known include soundless cracking agents, expansive agents, expansive concrete, non-explosive demolition agents, and other related variations of these terms.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">BARRIERS</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">The high cost of SCDAs and some bad experiences in controlling the pre-splitting have caused the Corps of Engineers to limit its use of the expansive agents. Although inhibitors can be added to retard the chemical reaction and increase control over the process, the technique is still primitive, and its actual field use has been quite limited.<b> <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">With expansive demolition agents involves a phenomenon known as "blow- out." This happens if the powder mix gets too hot and reacts with the water too quickly for the material to expand laterally. The result can range from a puff of smoke to a loud gunshot-like sound that can send hardened mix 30 feet into the air. Since blow-outs are unpredictable, safety procedures require workers to stay well away from the drilled holes once the mix has been poured into them. If a blow-out does occur, however, it usually has little effect on the project, since the remaining mix in the hole is usually still effective enough to crack the concrete</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5.1.2.2 CONTROLLED FOAM INJECTION</p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style="'position:absolute;left:0;" allowoverlap="f"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.gif" title="cfishow" gain="74473f" blacklevel="-3932f" grayscale="t"> <o:lock ext="edit" cropping="t"> <w:wrap type="square"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="300" height="240" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" align="left" hspace="15" vspace="10" shapes="_x0000_s1026" /><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></u></b></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></u></b></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></u></b></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></u></b></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></u></b></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>FIG 4</p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></u></b></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%">The method utilizes the proprietary and patent protected Controlled Foam Injection (CFI) technique to fracture rock and concrete. The use of high-pressure foam as the fracturing medium completely eliminates the air blast, fly rock and toxic fume problems associated with explosive based techniques. The CFI method may be used in very close proximity to personnel, sensitive structures or equipment. The controlled breakage characteristic of the CFI method allows for rock removal to very precise dimensions with minimal damage to the remaining rock. All the process byproducts are environmentally benign and completely biodegradable.</p> <h5 style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none">PRINCIPLES OF THE CFI METHOD<o:p></o:p></span></h5> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%">The CFI method is based upon the use of high-pressure foam to initiate, pressurize and propagate controlled fracturing in rock and concrete. An injection barrel, incorporating a proprietary hole-bottom seal, is used to inject high-pressure foam into the bottom of a pre-drilled hole in the rock or concrete to be broken as indicated in the animation at right. The high viscosity of the foam (as compared to a gas) combined with its stored energy characteristics (as compared to a liquid) result in very controlled and efficient breakage. The foam pressures required to break rock or concrete are significantly less than required in explosive or propellant based methods. Consequently, air blast and fly rock are reduced to very benign levels, allowing the method to be applied in a continuous manner and to be used in urban and other sensitive environments.</p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%">The hardware for the CFI fracture of rock or concrete may be readily mounted on a conventional articulated boom for application to excavation and/or demolition operations. A percussive drill may be incorporated on the same boom carrying the CFI hardware so that hole drilling, indexing for injection barrel placement and breakage can be carried out in a systematic and automatic manner. </p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">With excellent technical development progress on SBIR (Small-Business Innovation Research) programs funded be the National Science Foundation, the CFI technology is now being integrated with both Technicore Tunnel Digging Machines and conventional hydraulic excavators. These machines have been tested on small projects and are now available for dedicated commercial projects. </p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%">The CFI method is well suited for automation. The flexibility of the method (in terms of hole depth and foam pressure, quality and viscosity) allows it to be tailored to rapidly changing ground conditions or a variety of breakage conditions. The benign nature of the and fly rock of the CFI fracturing method allows drilling, breakage, mucking, ground support and haulage equipment to remain at the working point or face during rock excavation operations.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%">The CFI method is ideally suited for any excavation or breakage situation where conventional explosive methods are precluded, whether for environmental, legal or public concern reasons. </p> <h5 style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none">APPLICATIONS OF CFI BREAKAGE<o:p></o:p></span></h5> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%">The proprietary foam-based CFI method can be used in a broad variety of specialty drilling and excavation situations. The method is ideally suited for the demolition of oversized boulders encountered in both construction and mining operations. </p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">The CFI method can be used to develop trenches for utility or pipe lines or caisson shafts for bridges and power line towers. The method can be used to excavate utility tunnels under existing streets and buildings, to provide access tunnels or shafts to existing subway systems, or to create or enlarge underground space for buildings. </p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%">In underground mining operations, the CFI method can be used for selective mining or for mine development in unstable ground. As the method imparts negligible damage to remaining rock, the need for ground support can be significantly reduced. </p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%">The CFI method is useful for demolishing or stripping concrete structures when explosive methods are precluded or where salvage and recycling of building or structure components are desirable. As the method causes no damage to remaining concrete, repairs to concrete structures may be made efficiently and economically</p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;display:none;mso-hide: all"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <h5 style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;line-height:150%;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">5.2 BY USING WATER JET<o:p></o:p></span></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:330pt;height:249pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg" title="Viper24%20Big" gain="1.5625" grayscale="t"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="440" height="332" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1028" /><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>FIG 5</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></u></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%">Hydro-demolition is characterized by water jet pressures between 12,000 and 18,000 lbs/in<sup>2</sup>, water flow rates of 25-40 gallons per minute, and a manipulator with an automatic repetitive function which controls movement of the jet. A fine jet of water under high pressure is directed at the concrete surface. The jet penetrates the surface and water is forced into cracks in the concrete, opening them up and breaking out loose material, which is flushed away. Hydro-demolition is generally used to remove poor quality concrete from finished surfaces, leaving good concrete untouched.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">The combination of water jet cutting with an abrasive material makes the system more effective. While the water jet cut the concrete by itself, abrasive materials enable the jet to cut reinforcing bars, this method was developed for use in the demolition of biological concrete shield in nuclear reactors.</span> <span class="normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">For abrasive cutting applications, abrasive garnet is fed into the abrasive mixing chamber, which is part of the cutting head body, to produce a coherent and an extremely energetic abrasive jet stream Various abrasive materials which can be used include olivine, garnet, and corundum with a particle size of between 50 to 120 mesh (0.2 to 0.5 mm). When abrasive is required, Ingersoll-Rand provides an abrasive unit consisting primarily of an abrasive hopper, an abrasive feeder system, a pneumatically controlled on/off valve, and the abrasive cutting nozzle which contains the specialized mixing chamber.</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">The University of Missouri-Rolla used high-pressure water jets to cut granite into blocks, to produce a replica of <st1:place st="on">Stonehenge</st1:place>. Twenty-foot-deep cuts have been reported in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Canada</st1:place></st1:country-region>. The characteristics of water jet can be briefly listed as</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Minimizes dust and eliminates dust and fire hazards.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Can be used to cut both straight lines and contours.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Requires the use of an abrasive and water-catching system during the<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>cutting process.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <h6 style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";text-decoration:none; text-underline:none"><o:p> </o:p></span></h6> <h6 style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";text-decoration:none; text-underline:none">5.3 BY USING THERMAL ENERGY<o:p></o:p></span></h6> <h2 style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Many thermal process of concrete demolition are available, but except for melting flame they are seldom used for ordinary concrete structures.<o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">5.3.1. OXYGEN THERMAL LANCE (FLAME-CUTTING)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></b>Cutting concrete in tight or inaccessible locations, or when the concrete is very hard or heavily reinforced, can be accomplished with the thermal lance. The Thermit process employ burning oxygen and a 13mm to 17mm diameter pipe packed with steel wires to perforate even strongest concrete. The pipe end is heated to red-hot and pressed into the concrete surface, where oxygen is supplied at full pressure (115-200 lbs/in<sup>2</sup>). The pipe and wire core burn at a temperature of 5,400 °F or more, hot enough to melt cement sand, aggregate, and reinforcing steel. Between 2 and 6 holes are generally required per foot of cut to produce perforations up to 10 feet deep for breaking the concrete into removable slabs. The thermal lance has been used successfully in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Poland</st1:place></st1:country-region> for many years, although the cost is high compared to mechanical methods under normal conditions. This process has several advantages like the absence of vibration and low noise level. It is not hampered by the presence of steel plate or bars and can be used for building in narrow places. The process reportedly enables a flame to burn and cut concrete in water as well. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Concrete Coring Company performs flame-cutting services, often using a fixed torch operating at 12,000 °F, mounted on a frame and driven by a remotely-controlled motor. The major characteristics can be briefly listed as</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Excessive heat causes some deterioration of the concrete adjacent to the cutting</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Works particularly well in the presence of reinforcing steel</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Eliminates vibration and dust problems</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>May create smoke and fire hazards</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-variant:small-caps">5.3.2 ELECTRICAL HEATING<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">The direct electrical heating of the concrete enables removal of concrete cover by generating a continuous crack over several reinforcing bars are electrically heated. The heating can be direct or induced .Both ends of the bars are exposed and they are equipped with electrodes. Direct current at low voltage or large current cause thermal expansion of the bars and the surrounding concrete, thus creating tensile stresses in cover concrete. Concrete cover can easily be removed by lightly hitting the portion around the crack by a hammer or chisel. The main advantage of this process is that it can easily be controlled, as electrical energy is utilized.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">5.3.3</span></b><span style="font-variant:small-caps"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">MICROWAVE</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Microwave method of demolition has been developed in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>. When concrete is irradiated by microwaves its temperature raises and the temperature gradient develops over a localized region, resulting in breaking the concrete and the stress generation due to super heated steam vapor. The heating of concrete itself occur as a result of absorption of microwave into the cement paste, aggregate and free water ,the last being the most important as its dielectric constant is 10 to 20 times larger .the harmful effects of microwaves on human beings and jamming of communication are the chief disadvantages of this methods.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoHeading7" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt; line-height:150%;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">5.4 BY USING MACHINES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">The machines can be classified into two which are</p> <ol style="margin-top:0in" start="1" type="i"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops:list .5in">Hydraulically operated machines</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops:list .5in">Mechanically operated machines</li> </ol> <p class="MsoHeading8" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-variant:small-caps"><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoHeading8" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">5.4.1 HYDRAULICALLY OPERATED MACHINES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoHeading8" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-variant:small-caps"><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoHeading8" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;text-decoration:none;text-underline: none">5.4.1.1 BOOM-MOUNTED HYDRAULIC IMPACT HAMMERS <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoHeading8" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;text-decoration:none;text-underline: none"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:315pt;height:224.25pt'" filled="t" fillcolor="black"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.jpg" title="tt1850e2" gain="93623f" blacklevel="1966f" grayscale="t"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="420" height="299" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1029" /><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>FIG 6</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Hydraulic demolition hammers come in many sizes, and are pinned to a backhoe or excavator boom in place of the bucket. The strength of the material determines the hammer needed for the job; hard rock (granite) requires a more powerful hammer (5,000 foot-pounds [foot-lbs] or more), while softer rock (sandstone) can take a smaller hammer (500-1,500 foot-lbs). Blow-energy limitations are sometimes required to control micro cracking of remaining surfaces and to limit vibrations. Operator skill plays a large role in demolition rates.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> Also, remember that while most hydraulic systems run 2000-psi pressure, the flow rate varies. For the light hammers, as little as 5 gallons per minute is required. For the heavy hammers, more than 100 gallons per minute must be supplied. Again, check the hammer and carrier manufacturers' literature to match the hammer to the vehicle. If necessary, add-on hydraulic power units are available to increase the flow rate. . Keep in mind that for a given reach, the heavier the hammer, the heavier the carrier vehicle must be. The weight of the carrier vehicle prevents overturning when the hammer is at the boom's maximum reach. Selecting a lightweight carrier decreases the boom's reach and could cause an overturning accident.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">A rock cliff was excavated away from a house in <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Boston</st1:place></st1:city> at a rate of 50 cubic yards per day.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">5.4.1.2 HYDRAULIC SPLITTER<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Hydraulic splitters apply lateral forces against the inside of holes drilled into concrete in order to break up concrete with a minimum of noise and flying debris.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">About the size of a jackhammer, the tool utilizes a shaft known as a plug-and-feather assembly which, when inserted into a drilled hole and forced downward by the tool’s piston, creates the lateral forces that break the concrete. No heavy impact is utilized to form the crack, which spreads quickly and without any noise between the pre-drilled holes until the concrete is split into manageable pieces.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">The typical hydraulic splitter exerts a force between about 150 and 400 tons, depending on make and model. As with most pieces of equipment of this type, the smaller models with a force capacity on the lower end of the scale are used for more lightweight work, or where the equipment must be able to be handled more easily, such as in horizontal or overhead work. Larger capacity models are capable of splitting mass concrete and hard rock.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Hydraulic splitters may be available in gas- and electrically-powered models, but most contractors prefer air-powered hydraulic pumps, as the tool’s air-compressor can also be used to power the drills used to form the holes in the concrete. Multiple hydraulic splitters can be set up to run side-by-side off the same hydraulic pump, allowing for a greater combined splitting force, helpful when breaking up particularly thick or dense concrete.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">To correctly operate a splitter, the holes must be drilled straight into the concrete at the exact diameter specified for the splitter, and be deep enough to accommodate the plug when fully extended. The plug and feathers have to be kept well lubricated in order to remain in working condition.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">The splitter system consists of a hydraulic pump, hoses, and one or more splitters. A hydraulically-driven wedge is inserted into predrilled boreholes to create crack planes through the full depth of a concrete wall or slab. The key to its success is drilling boreholes that are accurate in diameter, length, and straightness. Drilling 3½-inch-diameter boreholes can be expensive, and the number of splitters needed to sustain a high removal rate may not be cost effective. </p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">DARDA rock and concrete splitters use a wedge-plug and feathers mechanisms powered by a 10,000 lbs/in2 power pack and have been used on Reclamation projects.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5.4.1.3 <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">HYDRAULIC CONCRETE CRUSHER</span></p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Hydraulic concrete crushers are used to demolish concrete methodically and efficiently. Also called smashers, densifiers, processors, secondary crushers, and pulverizers, concrete crushers are used to reduce concrete into smaller easily manageable or recyclable pieces, as well as to separate steel reinforcement from concrete.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Interchangeable jaws in some crushers, including cracking jaws, shear jaws and pulverizing jaws are often used to work along with various types and configurations of jaw teeth in order to better fit the crusher to a particular job.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Secondary concrete crushers usually have some type of pulverizing jaws and are used on jobs where primary demolition is accomplished by hammers, crushers, blasting, ball and crane, or sawing. In this instance, the primary demolition work creates large quantities of concrete rubble which the secondary crusher further reduces, separating concrete from reinforcement.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">5.4.2 MECHANICALLY OPERATED MACHINES<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5.4.2.1<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>DIAMOND-WIRE SAW </p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style="'width:4in;height:198.75pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.jpg" href="../sm/PDWorld%20-%20Diamonds%20and%20wires_files/braun_small.jpg" gain="112993f" blacklevel="7864f" grayscale="t"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="384" height="265" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1030" /><!--[endif]--></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>FIG 7</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Build aids offers sound solution to any technically demanding project through diamond cutting technology. In numerous construction and renovation projects, diamond cutting technology offers the comparative edge in concrete demolition and removal. Architects, engineers and general contractors agree that diamond cutting technology is cost effective and time efficient. </p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Rotary diamond saws have been used to make cuts in concrete up to 27 inches deep. Diamond-wire saws produce a smooth vibration-free cut through heavy reinforcement and hard aggregates, with virtually no limitation on the size or thickness of the cuts which can be made. The diamond-wire system consists of a diamond-impregnated wire made to length for each cut and a hydraulically-powered drive system. Diamond wire is routed to envelope the area to be cut (often requiring a drilled hole), then guided into a drive wheel on the power unit. The drive wheel rotates and pulls the wire through the concrete. This system allows cuts of virtually any size through stone, and through unreinforced and reinforced concrete at cutting rates which can vary from 10-50 square feet (ft<sup>2</sup>) per hour. Common wire lengths range from 50 to 70 feet, with wires longer than 400 feet unusual. A project in 1990 removed a bridge pier in 30-ton segments at a cost of about $30 per ft<sup>2</sup>. A dam rehabilitation project in <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state> removed over 16,000 tons of concrete in blocks weighing 60-110 tons each. </p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>There are three basic wire types:</p> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops: list .5in">Electroplated beads with compressed steel spring spacers. </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops: list .5in">Impregnated beads with compressed steel spring spacers </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops: list .5in">Impregnated beads with injection-molded plastic spacing </li> </ul> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> <span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>There are also two main bonding systems for the diamond beads: electroplated and impregnated. Electroplating the wire involves attaching a single layer of diamond to the steel bead. The impregnated bonding system is more similar to the impregnated systems on a circular saw in which a powder metal alloy is blended with diamond, then pressed and sintered to the steel band, providing multiple layers of diamond for cutting.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">STITCH-DRILLING </p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:12.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><a href="http://www.boschindia.com/mico/pwrtools/constrct/diam/html/diahm.htm"><span style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" href="http://www.boschindia.com/mico/pwrtools/constrct/diam/html/diahm.htm" style="'width:228pt;height:87.75pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.jpg" href="../sm/Construction%20tools_files/dia1.jpg" gain="74473f" grayscale="t"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout"><img border="0" width="304" height="117" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1031" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:12.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><a href="http://www.boschindia.com/mico/pwrtools/constrct/diam/html/diahm.htm"><span style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" href="http://www.boschindia.com/mico/pwrtools/constrct/diam/html/diahm.htm" style="'width:228pt;height:57.75pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.jpg" href="../sm/Construction%20tools_files/dia2.jpg" gain="74473f" grayscale="t"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout"><img border="0" width="304" height="77" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1032" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>FIG 8</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Diamond drills have been used to core holes in concrete up to 54 inches in diameter. Larger holes can be made by drilling a series of overlapping small holes in a circle or straight line, called stitch-drilling. <b><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">5.4.2.2<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>BALL AND CRANE METHOD</span></p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">One of the oldest and most commonly used methods for building demolition, the ball and crane uses a wrecking ball weighing up to 13,500 pounds to demolish concrete and masonry structures. During the process, the ball is either dropped onto or swung into the structure that is to be demolished.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">The ball and crane, however, is not suitable for all demolition applications. Some limitations:</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">While the concrete can be broken into rather small pieces, additional work in the form of cutting rebar may be necessary.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Only highly skilled and experienced crane operators should be used on ball and crane demolition projects -- smoothness in controlling the swing of the ball is important since missing the target may tip or overload the crane and a mild swing-back may cause the ball to hit the boom.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">The size of the building that can be demolished with this method is limited by crane size and working room, including proximity to power lines. This form of demolition creates a great deal of dust, vibration and noise.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b>5.4.3 THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HAMMERS<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">5.4.3.1 DEMOLITION HAMMERS</span></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:12.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><a href="http://www.boschindia.com/mico/pwrtools/constrct/demo/html/demo.htm"><span style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" href="http://www.boschindia.com/mico/pwrtools/constrct/demo/html/demo.htm" style="'width:210pt;height:63.75pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.jpg" href="../sm/Construction%20tools_files/demo1.jpg" gain="93623f" blacklevel="-3932f" grayscale="t"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout"><img border="0" width="280" height="85" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1033" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:12.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><a href="http://www.boschindia.com/mico/pwrtools/constrct/demo/html/demo.htm"><span style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" href="http://www.boschindia.com/mico/pwrtools/constrct/demo/html/demo.htm" style="'width:210pt;height:54pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image022.jpg" href="../sm/Construction%20tools_files/demo2.jpg" gain="93623f" blacklevel="-1966f" grayscale="t"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout"><img border="0" width="280" height="72" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1034" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p style="margin-left:2.5in;text-align:justify;line-height:12.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>FIG 9</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Demolition hammers are similar to rotary hammers and are used in the same way in terms of delivery hammer blows. However, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">demolition hammers deliver hammering action only</span>, unlike rotary hammers, which can also be used to bore holes. What demolition hammers lack in this regard in terms of versatility, however, they make up in punch. The demolition hammer is able to deliver more powerful blows than rotary hammers, since they typically have about 35% more power. This is due to the fewer parts in a demolition hammer, and sometimes a longer piston stroke, as well. While the demolition hammer delivers fewer blows per minute than a rotary hammer, the increased strength of the tool actually makes it a quicker and more efficient means of demolishing concrete and masonry.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">5.4.3.2. ROTARY HAMMERS </span></p> <p style="margin-left:96.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><a href="http://www.boschindia.com/mico/pwrtools/constrct/rot/html/rot.htm"><span style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" href="http://www.boschindia.com/mico/pwrtools/constrct/rot/html/rot.htm" style="'width:237pt;height:84.75pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.jpg" href="../sm/Construction%20tools_files/rot1.jpg" gain="79922f" grayscale="t"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout"><img border="0" width="316" height="113" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1035" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><a href="http://www.boschindia.com/mico/pwrtools/constrct/rot/html/rot.htm"><span style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" href="http://www.boschindia.com/mico/pwrtools/constrct/rot/html/rot.htm" style="'width:237pt;height:77.25pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image026.jpg" href="../sm/Construction%20tools_files/rot2.jpg" gain="74473f" grayscale="t"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout"><img border="0" width="316" height="103" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1036" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p style="margin-left:204.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">FIG 10</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Big rotary hammers are known as either SDS-max or spline-drive hammers, depending on whether they accept SDS-max or spline-shank bits.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">The versatility of the rotary hammer allows it to demolish concrete with a hammer only method, or to deliver rotary-hammer action for boring holes in concrete. This is done in the rotary hammer mode by driving twist drills and core bits, or in the hammer only mode to utilize everything from flat chisels to ground-rod drivers.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">However, this versatility comes at a price, since rotary hammers have an extra drive train that rotates drill bits in the rotary-hammer mode. This siphons off energy and decreases efficiency in the hammer-only mode.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Rotary hammers use a battering ram that floats inside a cylinder and is launched and retrieved by a piston. A shock-absorbing airspace between the ram and the piston compresses and drives the ram forward as the piston advances, then sucks it back as the piston retracts.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">5.4.3.3. CHIPPING HAMMER</span></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Chipping Hammer" style="'width:255pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image028.jpg" href="http://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/demolition/images/light%20chippingopt.jpg" gain="61604f" blacklevel="-1966f" grayscale="t"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" width="340" height="202" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.jpg" alt="Chipping Hammer" shapes="_x0000_i1037" /><!--[endif]--></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>FIG 11</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Chipping hammers are lightweight, hand-held concrete breakers that can be easily positioned to break vertical and overhead surfaces. By offering a controlled chipping action, these hammers allow operators to precisely chip away only specific areas.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">The smallest chipping hammers, powered electrically, pneumatically, or hydraulically, usually weight between 5 and 30 pounds. As usual, a good indication of the power of the tools is their weight. The heavier the tool, the more powerful it is apt to be. The chipping action of this type of equipment is rapid, ranging from 900 to 3,000 blows per minute.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Because chipping hammers are most often used to break concrete on vertical and overhead surfaces, they must be light. They are maneuvered by holding a handle at the back of the tool and gripping the tool by its shaft with the other hand. Some tools have a second handle along the side. This gives operators control of the tool's weight and the ability to direct its chipping action at different angles.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">By offering a controlled chipping action, these hammers allow operators to precisely chip away only specific areas.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Manufacturers are offering more options than ever on their chipping hammers, including rotating, shock-absorbing handles, and heat shields.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">5.4.3.4. PAVEMENT BREAKERS</span></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Hand-held pavement breaker" style="'width:198pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image030.jpg" href="http://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/demolition/images/demolition%20hammer%20in%20use.jpg" gain="142470f" blacklevel="-1966f" grayscale="t"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" width="264" height="213" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.jpg" alt="Hand-held pavement breaker" shapes="_x0000_i1038" /><!--[endif]--></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>FIG 12</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Hand-held pavement breakers may be thought of as a kind of heavy-duty version of the chipping hammer.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">The difference is that pavement breakers are heavier, more powerful tools that are usually operated perpendicular to the ground. Because of this, a T-shaped handle is the most common design for pavement breakers. A few lightweight breakers are designed with a D-shaped handle that allows the operator to pick the breaker up and operate it horizontally.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Like chipping hammers, pavement breakers are powered hydraulically, electrically, or pneumatically. The pounding action of breakers is usually slightly slower than that of chipping hammers, ranging from 800 blows per minute to close to 2,000 blows per minute.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Pavement breakers weigh from 30 to 99 pounds. A good indication of a breaker's power is its weight.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Pavement breakers <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">weighing between 40 and 50 pounds</span> are particularly useful for removing concrete for partial-depth pavement repair. The weight of these tools gives them the power needed to break up a few inches of concrete without being so heavy that they demolish the entire pavement.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">The pavement breakers <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">weighing 60 pounds and<b> </b></span>more can handle medium-to-heavy demolition jobs with reinforced concrete, and are used to demolish pavements, roads, and thick concrete. One example of the type of work that the heaviest breakers do is demolition of high-strength concrete found on airport runways.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">5.4.3.5 MOUNTED BREAKERS<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><a href="http://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/demolition/images/bobcat%201560%20breaker.jpg"><span style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1039" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Bobcat 1560 Breaker" href="images/bobcat%201560%20breaker.jpg" style="'width:249pt;height:164.25pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image032.jpg" href="http://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/demolition/bobcat_1560_breaker_small.jpg" gain="86232f" blacklevel="7864f" grayscale="t"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout"><img border="0" width="332" height="219" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.jpg" alt="Bobcat 1560 Breaker" shapes="_x0000_i1039" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p style="margin-left:3.0in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>FIG 13<span style="mso-tab-count:5"> </span></p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">The speed, versatility, and impact energy of mounted breakers are widely used by contractors to demolish heavily reinforced walls, slabs and decks.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Excavator-mounted breakers can have production rates of more than 1,100 cubic yards of unreinforced concrete per day. Productivity varies depending on a variety of factors including type of concrete, accessibility, and operator skill.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">In addition to demolishing concrete, many hammers can be fitted with special tool shapes that allow them to drive piles and sheeting, compact soil, edge trenches, penetrate frozen ground, and cut asphalt.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Hammer impact energy is the most important selection criteria when choosing a mounted breaker for a particular job, since the hammer must be able to hit the concrete hard enough to fracture it. Only when impact energy is sufficient does impact rate (blows per minute) become a factor.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">In factoring impact energy, hammer weight is important, but is sometimes confusing. Some manufacturers report the weight of the hammer with the boom bracket, surrounding housing (cradle), and working tool included. Others report just the hammer weight itself.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">This is why comparing tool diameter may be the simplest and most accurate means of determining the degree of hammer impact energy. By measuring the tool diameter at the lowest point just inside the hammer and comparing it to the diameter of other tools, impact energy may be reliably measured. This is because the tool diameter is in direct proportion to the piston size.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">5.4.3.6 PNEUMATIC HAMMERS</span></p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">While pneumatic hammers were once considered state-of-the-art in the <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region>, they only account for a small portion of total hammers in use today. There are still a number of advantages in using pneumatic hammers, however. These include:</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">They can be mounted on lighter carriers, since their external air compressor negates the extra hydraulic demands of a hydraulic hammer</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Mounting an air hammer requires only mechanical changes – no hydraulic connections, systems to service, or plumbing kits.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Pneumatic hammers work better in confined spaces than hydraulic hammers due to their high weight-to-power ratio. Pneumatic hammers are more conducive to underwater<span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%"> use, having few, if any, seals.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%">6. COMPARISON OF VARIUOS METHODS OF DEMOLITION</span></b><span style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">6.1 NUISANCE, SECURITY MEASURES AND PERFORMANCE<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="703" style="margin-left:-.05in;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed; border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext"> <tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:11.0pt;mso-row-margin-left: 96.2pt;mso-row-margin-right:158.8pt"> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="128" colspan="3"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> <td width="160" colspan="4" valign="top" style="width:119.8pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Nuisance. </p> </td> <td width="103" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:77.45pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Security measures</p> </td> <td width="100" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:75.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Performance.</p> </td> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt" width="212"><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1;page-break-inside:avoid;height:76.45pt"> <td width="169" colspan="4" valign="top" style="width:127.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:76.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Demolition</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Methods.</p> </td> <td width="34" valign="top" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate: 90;height:76.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify">Noise.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> </td> <td width="34" valign="top" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate: 90;height:76.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify">Vibration.</p> </td> <td width="50" valign="top" style="width:37.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate: 90;height:76.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify">Dust fume projection</p> </td> <td width="52" valign="top" style="width:39.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate: 90;height:76.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify">Environmental projection.</p> </td> <td width="51" valign="top" style="width:38.35pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate: 90;height:76.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify">Hazard to the worker.</p> </td> <td width="50" valign="top" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate: 90;height:76.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify">Execution rapidly.</p> </td> <td width="50" valign="top" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate: 90;height:76.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify">cost</p> </td> <td width="212" valign="top" style="width:158.8pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:76.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-41.05pt;tab-stops: 12.95pt 21.95pt"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-41.05pt;tab-stops: 12.95pt 21.95pt"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-23.05pt;tab-stops: 12.95pt 21.95pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Remarks.</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2;page-break-inside:avoid;height:100.3pt"> <td width="48" rowspan="2" valign="top" style="width:.5in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate:90;height:100.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Hammers.</p> </td> <td width="121" colspan="3" style="width:91.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:100.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Hand hammers.</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:100.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:100.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">1</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:100.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">0</p> </td> <td width="52" style="width:39.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:100.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">3</p> </td> <td width="51" style="width:38.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:100.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:100.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:100.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="212" valign="bottom" style="width:158.8pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:100.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in left 164.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Dust proof mask, glass, ear defenders, vibration proof gloves and safety bands are needed.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Need a working stage.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:3;page-break-inside:avoid;height:32.35pt"> <td width="121" colspan="3" style="width:91.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Large hammers.</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">1</p> </td> <td width="52" style="width:39.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="51" style="width:38.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">3</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">3</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">3</p> </td> <td width="212" valign="top" style="width:158.8pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Noise and dust insulation fences are required according to demand.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Rigid working floor is required. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:4;height:19.3pt"> <td width="169" colspan="4" style="width:127.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Wrecking ball.</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="52" style="width:39.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="51" style="width:38.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">1</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">1</p> </td> <td width="212" valign="top" style="width:158.8pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Prohibited<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>to entry into the working area</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Taking care of hitting wrongly.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Not to over turn the mounted machine.</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:5"> <td width="169" colspan="4" valign="top" style="width:127.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Busters with wedges (hydraulically & mechanically operated).</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">2</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">0</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">0</p> </td> <td width="52" style="width:39.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">2</p> </td> <td width="51" style="width:38.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">1</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="212" valign="top" style="width:158.8pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Noise and dusts are generated while boring other wise noise less and vibration less.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:6;page-break-inside:avoid;height:40.45pt"> <td width="87" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="top" style="width:65.3pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate:90;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Blasting.</p> </td> <td width="82" colspan="2" style="width:61.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Mild explosive.</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="52" style="width:39.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="51" style="width:38.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">3</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">1</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">2</p> </td> <td width="212" valign="top" style="width:158.8pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Noise and dust occur while boring.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Taking refuge is needed at blasting time.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Blasting finishes immediately.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:7;page-break-inside:avoid;height:48.55pt"> <td width="82" colspan="2" style="width:61.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Explosive.</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="52" style="width:39.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="51" style="width:38.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">3</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">1</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">2</p> </td> <td width="212" valign="top" style="width:158.8pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>A blast fence is needed at blasting time.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:8"> <td width="169" colspan="4" style="width:127.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Expansive demolition agents</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">2</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">0</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">0</p> </td> <td width="52" style="width:39.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">2</p> </td> <td width="51" style="width:38.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">1</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="212" valign="top" style="width:158.8pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Noise and dusts are generated while boring other wise noise less and vibration less.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Wear protective glasses.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Never watch a charged hole from upright position.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:9;height:4.5pt"> <td width="169" colspan="4" style="width:127.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Abrasive water jets.</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">1</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">3</p> </td> <td width="52" style="width:39.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="51" style="width:38.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">3</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="212" valign="top" style="width:158.8pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:4.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Protection is needed for water jet.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Wear ear defenders.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>No crossing a water jet.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:10"> <td width="169" colspan="4" style="width:127.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Thermic lance.</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">1</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">0</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="52" style="width:39.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">2</p> </td> <td width="51" style="width:38.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">3</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="212" valign="top" style="width:158.8pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Effects of fume and fire prevention are needed.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:11"> <td width="169" colspan="4" style="width:127.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Electrical heating of bars.</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">2</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">1</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">3</p> </td> <td width="52" style="width:39.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">2</p> </td> <td width="51" style="width:38.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">2</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="212" valign="top" style="width:158.8pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Noise and dust or spray is generated during exposure of rebar and removal works.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Other wise no noise and no vibration.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:12"> <td width="169" colspan="4" style="width:127.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Microwave.</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">3</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">0</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">1</p> </td> <td width="52" style="width:39.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="51" style="width:38.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="212" valign="top" style="width:158.8pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Anti leakage of microwave is required.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Prevention interfere for TV and communication facilities. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:13"> <td width="169" colspan="4" style="width:127.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Hydraulic breakers.</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">2</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">2</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">3</p> </td> <td width="52" style="width:39.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">1</p> </td> <td width="51" style="width:38.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">3</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">3</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="212" valign="top" style="width:158.8pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Taking care of the falling materials.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Rigid working floor slab is required.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Widely used in the urban centre.</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:14;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes"> <td width="169" colspan="4" style="width:127.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Diamond wire saw.</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4</p> </td> <td width="34" style="width:25.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">2</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">0</p> </td> <td width="52" style="width:39.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">3</p> </td> <td width="51" style="width:38.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">3</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="50" style="width:37.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5</p> </td> <td width="212" valign="top" style="width:158.8pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Crane is needed to suspend cut materials.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Rigid working floor is required . </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Protection needed in case the saw snaps.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-5.05pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 5.05pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:12.95pt 21.95pt"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> </tr> <!--[if !supportMisalignedColumns]--> <tr height="0"> <td width="48" style="border:none"></td> <td width="39" style="border:none"></td> <td width="41" style="border:none"></td> <td width="41" style="border:none"></td> <td width="34" style="border:none"></td> <td width="34" style="border:none"></td> <td width="50" style="border:none"></td> <td width="52" style="border:none"></td> <td width="51" style="border:none"></td> <td width="50" style="border:none"></td> <td width="50" style="border:none"></td> <td width="212" style="border:none"></td> </tr> <!--[endif]--> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">6.2 OPERATIONS AND APPLICATION FIELDS<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="720" style="margin-left:-12.6pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed; border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:480; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext"> <tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;page-break-inside:avoid; height:125.5pt"> <td width="115" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:1.2in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:125.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Demolition</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Methods.</p> </td> <td width="89" style="width:66.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:125.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Principle<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>of breaking.</p> </td> <td width="91" style="width:.95in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:125.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Mounted or accompanied machine</p> </td> <td width="36" valign="top" style="width:27.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate:90;height:125.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%">Need of pre work.</p> </td> <td width="60" valign="top" style="width:45.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate:90;height:125.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%">Size of the demolished materials.</p> </td> <td width="48" valign="top" style="width:.5in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate:90;height:125.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%">Type construction</p> </td> <td width="36" valign="top" style="width:27.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate:90;height:125.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%">Column beam. </p> </td> <td width="36" valign="top" style="width:27.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate:90;height:125.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%">Wall slab floor slab.</p> </td> <td width="36" valign="top" style="width:27.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate:90;height:125.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%">Foundation.</p> </td> <td width="36" valign="top" style="width:27.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate:90;height:125.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%">Partial demolition.</p> </td> <td width="36" valign="top" style="width:27.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate:90;height:125.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%">Whole.</p> </td> <td width="48" valign="top" style="width:.5in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate:90;height:125.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%">Application in urban cities.</p> </td> <td width="53" valign="top" style="width:.55in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate:90;height:125.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%">Frequency.</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1;page-break-inside:avoid;height:66.55pt"> <td width="31" rowspan="2" valign="top" style="width:23.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate:90;height:66.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Hammers.</p> </td> <td width="84" style="width:63.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:66.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Hand hammers.</p> </td> <td width="89" rowspan="2" valign="top" style="width:66.6pt;border-top:none; border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:66.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Chopping of materials by repeated shock at a point.</p> </td> <td width="91" valign="top" style="width:.95in;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:66.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">An air compressor or hydraulic pump.</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:66.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">no</p> </td> <td width="60" style="width:45.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:66.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">small</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:66.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">RE,C,M</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:66.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:66.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:66.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:66.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:66.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">N</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:66.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">High</p> </td> <td width="53" style="width:.55in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:66.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Special use.</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2;page-break-inside:avoid;height:32.35pt"> <td width="84" style="width:63.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Large hammers.</p> </td> <td width="91" valign="top" style="width:.95in;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Crawler or wheel type machine.</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">no</p> </td> <td width="60" style="width:45.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">small</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">RE,C,M</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">High</p> </td> <td width="53" style="width:.55in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:32.35pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Outline common.</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:3;height:19.3pt"> <td width="115" colspan="2" style="width:1.2in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Wrecking ball.</p> </td> <td width="89" valign="top" style="width:66.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Repeated hitting by a steel ball.</p> </td> <td width="91" valign="top" style="width:.95in;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Crawler type machine.</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">no</p> </td> <td width="60" style="width:45.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Medium.</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">RE,C,M</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Low nuisance.</p> </td> <td width="53" style="width:.55in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.3pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Rare..</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:4"> <td width="115" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:1.2in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Busters with wedges (hydraulically & mechanically operated).</p> </td> <td width="89" valign="top" style="width:66.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Splitting by wedge.</p> </td> <td width="91" valign="top" style="width:.95in;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">High pressure pump.</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">yes</p> </td> <td width="60" style="width:45.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">large</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">C,M</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">#</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">#</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">#</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">High</p> </td> <td width="53" style="width:.55in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Special use.</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:5;page-break-inside:avoid;height:40.45pt"> <td width="31" rowspan="2" valign="top" style="width:23.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-rotate:90;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Blasting.</p> </td> <td width="84" style="width:63.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Mild explosive.</p> </td> <td width="89" valign="top" style="width:66.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Blasting.</p> </td> <td width="91" valign="top" style="width:.95in;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">None </p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">yes</p> </td> <td width="60" style="width:45.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Medium.</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">RE,C,M</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">#</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">#</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">#</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Low nuisance</p> </td> <td width="53" style="width:.55in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:40.45pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Special use.</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:6;page-break-inside:avoid;height:48.55pt"> <td width="84" style="width:63.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Explosive.</p> </td> <td width="89" valign="top" style="width:66.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Blasting.</p> </td> <td width="91" valign="top" style="width:.95in;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">None </p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">yes</p> </td> <td width="60" style="width:45.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Medium.</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">RE,C,M</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">#</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">#</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Low nuisance</p> </td> <td width="53" style="width:.55in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:48.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Special use.</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:7"> <td width="115" colspan="2" style="width:1.2in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Expansive demolition agents</p> </td> <td width="89" valign="top" style="width:66.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Expansion of quick lime.</p> </td> <td width="91" valign="top" style="width:.95in;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">None </p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">yes</p> </td> <td width="60" style="width:45.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">large</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">C,M</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">#</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">#</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">#</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Low nuisance</p> </td> <td width="53" style="width:.55in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Special use.</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:8"> <td width="115" colspan="2" style="width:1.2in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Abrasive water jets.</p> </td> <td width="89" valign="top" style="width:66.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Water jet containing abrasive materials.</p> </td> <td width="91" valign="top" style="width:.95in;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Super high pressure pump.</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">no</p> </td> <td width="60" style="width:45.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">large</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">RE,C,M</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">#</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Medium.</p> </td> <td width="53" style="width:.55in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Special use.</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:9;height:80.5pt"> <td width="115" colspan="2" style="width:1.2in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:80.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Thermic lance.</p> </td> <td width="89" valign="top" style="width:66.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:80.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Melting by heat of oxidation flame of metal.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td width="91" valign="top" style="width:.95in;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:80.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Oxygen tank and metal lance.</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:80.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">yes</p> </td> <td width="60" style="width:45.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:80.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">large</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:80.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">RE,C,M</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:80.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:80.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:80.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">-</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:80.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:80.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">-</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:80.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">High</p> </td> <td width="53" style="width:.55in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:80.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Special use.</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:10"> <td width="115" colspan="2" style="width:1.2in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Electrical heating of bars.</p> </td> <td width="89" valign="top" style="width:66.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Cracking of concrete by heating rebar.</p> </td> <td width="91" valign="top" style="width:.95in;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Transformer and frequency amplifier.</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">yes</p> </td> <td width="60" style="width:45.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">large</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">RE</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">#</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">N</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">-</p> </td> <td width="53" style="width:.55in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Special use.</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:11"> <td width="115" colspan="2" style="width:1.2in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Microwave.</p> </td> <td width="89" valign="top" style="width:66.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Heating concrete by microwave. </p> </td> <td width="91" valign="top" style="width:.95in;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Magnetron and wave guide.</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">no</p> </td> <td width="60" style="width:45.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">small</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">RE,C,M</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">N</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">-</p> </td> <td width="53" style="width:.55in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">-.</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:12;height:138.55pt"> <td width="115" colspan="2" style="width:1.2in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:138.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Hydraulic breakers.</p> </td> <td width="89" valign="top" style="width:66.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:138.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Breaking by hydraulic pressures of the jaws.</p> </td> <td width="91" valign="top" style="width:.95in;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:138.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Crawler type machine.</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:138.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">no</p> </td> <td width="60" style="width:45.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:138.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">small</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:138.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">RE,C,M</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:138.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:138.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:138.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">-</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:138.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:138.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:138.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">High </p> </td> <td width="53" style="width:.55in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:138.55pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Outline common.</p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:13;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes"> <td width="115" colspan="2" style="width:1.2in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Diamond wire saw.</p> </td> <td width="89" valign="top" style="width:66.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Cutting by abrasion with a diamond wire saw. </p> </td> <td width="91" valign="top" style="width:.95in;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Rotating machine of wire saw.</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">no</p> </td> <td width="60" style="width:45.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Large </p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">RE,C,M</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">#</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O</p> </td> <td width="36" style="width:27.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">#</p> </td> <td width="48" style="width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">High </p> </td> <td width="53" style="width:.55in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Special use.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">RE-reinforced concrete structure and steel frame reinforced concrete structure. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">C-plain cements concrete structure.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">M-masonry. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">O-generally applicable.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"># - specially applicable.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">N- Not applicable.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></u></b></p> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><br /></span></u></b> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height: 150%">CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">Indian conditions are fully ripe to adopt explosive demolition technology. Dense population, haphazard growth, non existence of any bye-laws or regulations and our casual approach makes use of explosives a risky affair for us. Hydro-demolition is another area <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> should concentrate upon.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">The telescopic collapse, triggered by the explosion technology is most suitable for tall chimneys and cooling towers. Hydro demolition suits the multistoried buildings and densely reinforced concrete structures. Diamond wire saw, thermit lances etc can employ to cut highly reinforced concrete structures. Soundless splitting agents can be used in the case of piers, bridges etc.Ordinary buildings, houses, and brick structures can be demolished by hydraulic hammers, jack hammers, impact breakers or ordinary splitters. Final choice of the technique to be adopted will however depends upon the actual site condition.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <b><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><br /></span></u></b> <h6 style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:16.0pt; line-height:150%;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></h6> <h6 style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:16.0pt; line-height:150%;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">ACKNOWLEDGEMENT<o:p></o:p></span></h6> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">I express my sincere gratitude to my seminar guide <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Srimati Asha Varma.P,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></b>Senior lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, without whose valuable guidance and support the seminar would not have been a success. I would also like to thank <b>Dr. A.K.Raji</b>, Lecturer, Staff in charge of seminar for her assistance during my seminar. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%">I thank <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;line-height:150%">Prof. T. DIVAKARAN</span>, </b>Head of the Department of Civil Engineering for the good will and encouragement extended to me.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%">Last but not the least I thank almighty, for giving me the strength and power to complete this seminar on time.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoHeading9" style="tab-stops:27.0pt">REFERENCE</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:75.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -75.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo7;tab-stops:27.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt">Barat. B.N, “ Demolition of unauthorized building in urban locality”, IE(I) Journal, <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;tab-stops:27.0pt"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>DEC I998, PP: 143-144<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:75.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -75.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo7;tab-stops:27.0pt list 75.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt">“Demolition of concrete structures”, The Indian concrete Journal, JAN 1991, <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-75.0pt;tab-stops: 27.0pt"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>PP: 5-6<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:75.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -75.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo7;tab-stops:27.0pt list 75.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt">“Inddeco Innovative demolition for <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Delhi</st1:place></st1:city> metro project”, NBM & Construction world<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:57.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -75.0pt;tab-stops:27.0pt"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2003 DEC,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>PP: 32-33<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:75.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -75.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo7;tab-stops:27.0pt list 75.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">4.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt">Jagvir Goyal, “ Need to develop demolition technology”, NBM & Construction world<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:57.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -75.0pt;tab-stops:27.0pt"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2000-JUNE, PP: 75-79<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-75.0pt;tab-stops: 27.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>5. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>“Modern technology for demolition”, Civil engineering and Construction review, 1997<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-75.0pt;tab-stops: 27.0pt"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>PP:60-61 <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-75.0pt;tab-stops: 27.0pt"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-75.0pt;tab-stops: 27.0pt"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>6. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><a href="http://www.implosionworld.com/">WWW.IMPLOSIONWORLD.COM</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-75.0pt;tab-stops: 27.0pt"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>7.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><a href="http://www.nps.gov/">WWW.NPS.GOV</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-75.0pt;tab-stops: 27.0pt"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>8. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><a href="http://www.oscheusa%2Ccom/">WWW.OSCHEUSA.COM</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-75.0pt;tab-stops: 27.0pt"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>9.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><a href="http://www.atlascopco.com/">WWW.ATLASCOPCO.COM</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-75.0pt;tab-stops: 27.0pt"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>10.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><a href="http://www.capprex.com/">WWW.CAPPREX.COM</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5645710934335182060-6256525849949625070?l=civilengineeringseminarsforstudents.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Nashid Usmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16399294491026500382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5645710934335182060.post-78442800487143494102010-12-16T07:48:00.001-08:002010-12-16T07:50:13.541-08:002010-12-16T07:50:13.541-08:00<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5645710934335182060-7844280048714349410?l=civilengineeringseminarsforstudents.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Nashid Usmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16399294491026500382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5645710934335182060.post-66964128865455536022010-12-11T23:46:00.000-08:002010-12-11T23:52:21.900-08:002010-12-11T23:52:21.900-08:00GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">1. INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Transportation is one of the fields which play an important role in the development of a country. There are many means of transportation such as road, railway, airways etc... But the main mode of transportation is always road or highways.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">In the process of road development, the alignment of road may have to be fixed through the soils which may not bear the traffic loads .There are various techniques of ground improvement. This seminar deals with such ground improvement techniques such as soil stabilization methods, use of geotextiles, vertical sand drains, stabilizing trenches, capillary cutoff, soil nailing, vibro-compaction , vibro-floatation, vibro-replacement, dynamic compaction, stone columns etc…<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2. METHODS FOR GROUND IMPROVEMENT<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <ol style="margin-top:0in" start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Soil stabilization<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Vertical drains<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Stabilization trenches<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Capillary cut-off<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Soil nailing<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Vibro compaction <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Dynamic compaction<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.1 Soil Stabilization<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Stabilization is the process of blending and mixing materials with soil to improve certain properties of soil. The process may include the blending of soil to achieve a desired gradation or the mixing of commercially available additives that may alter the gradation, texture or plasticity, or act as a binder for the cementation of soil. It improves the stability or bearing capacity of soil by use of controlled compaction or by the addition of suitable admixtures or stabilizers<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">The methods of soil stabilization are:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top:0in" start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Mechanical Stabilization <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Additive stabilization <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Stabilization with Portland cement<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Stabilization with lime<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Stabilization with bitumen<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Stabilization by geotextile <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Reinforced earth<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Using bio-enzymes<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.1.1 <i>Mechanical Stabilization</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">It is accomplished by mixing or blending of soils of two or more gradation to obtain a material meeting the required specification. It may take place at the construction site , a central plant ,or a borrow area. The blended material is compacted to required densities by conventional means.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.1.2 Additive Stabilization<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">It is obtained by addition of proper percentage of cement , lime , flyash , bitumen or combination of these materials to the soil. The selection of the type and determination of the percentage of additive to be used is dependent upon the soil classification and the degree of improvement in soil quality desired. It is usually used to modify properties such as gradation, workability, and plasticity.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.1.3 Stabilization with Portland Cement<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Portland cement can be used either to modify and improve the quality of soil or to transform the soil into a cemented mass with increased strength and durability. The amount of cement used will depend upon the soil to be modified or stabilized. It is done by mixing soil and cement with water and compacting the mix to attain a strong material.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.1.4 Stabilization with Lime<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Lime stabilization is done by adding lime(2-10%) to soil. In general a lime treated fine grained soil exhibit decreased plasticity , improved workability and reduced volume changecharacteristics. The properties of lime soil mixtures are dependent on many variables like soil type, lime type, lime percentage and curing conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Many type of lime have been successfully used as soil stabilizing agents for many years. The most commonly used products are hydrated high calcium lime, monohydrated dolomitic lime, calcitic quick lime and dolomitic quick lime.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.1.5 Stabilization with Bitumen<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Stabilization of soil and aggregates with asphalt differs greatly from cement and lime stabilization. This basic mechanism involved in asphalt stabilization of fine grained soil is a water proofing phenomenon. Soil particles or soil agglomerates are coated with asphalt that prevents or slows the penetration of water which could normally result in decrease in soil strength in addition asphalt stabilization can improve durability characteristics by making the soil<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>resistant<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>to the detrimental effects of water such as volume. In non cohesive materials such as sands and gravel ,crushed gravel and crushed stone , two basic mechanisms are active water proofing and adhesion. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.1.6 Stabilization with Reinforced Earth<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Soil can be stabilized by introducing thin strips in to it as reinforcements.Current advances in new construction material have resulted in soil retention systems through reinforced earth construction which offer a new application for flood control and stream bank protection control measures. Most conventional applications of reinforced earth systems have primarily involved earthwork slope stabilization or roadway projects. However, reinforced earth systems offer numerous advantages to conventional stream bank stabilization techniques which include: structural reinforcement of the earthen stream bank, ease of construction with normal fill operations, low costs, and an inert mattress that becomes an integral matrix with the earthen bank. Geogrids are typically manufactured of high density polyethylene (HDPE) resins that resist elongation when subjected to high load for long periods of time. The geogrids can carry large tensile load applied in one or two directions, and their open structure interlocks with the natural earthen fill material. The geogrid installation results in a structurally stable embankment which reacts similar to a gravity wall. In addition, the geogrid constructed stream banks can provide a steeper than normal slope face which can be naturally landscaped and provides an aesthetic alternative to conventional stream bank revetments. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.1.7 Stabilization with Bio-Enzymes <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Recently several environmental friendly enzymes have come into the market such as fujibeton, terrazyme, and renolith etc..use of this products indicates minimization ,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>elimination of the use of aggregates and is referred to as aggregate free pavement technology<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.1.7.1 Fujibeton As A Soil Stabilizing Agent<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">It is a material developed in japan. It is a climatically stable material and suitable for stabilization of all types of soil. The product is an inorganic polymer that chemically binds with all compounds,<a name="_GoBack"></a> where blended with ordinary Portland cement in I to 3% by weight. The balanced mix is called fujibeton mix which is used for stabilization of soil that improves the engineering properties of soil <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.1.7.2 Terrazyme As A Soil Stabilizing Agent<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">it is a natural, non toxic, environmentally safe, bio enzyme, produt that, improves engineering qualities of soil reduses, ruts and pathioles resulting in more durable and longer lasting roads. The function of terrazyme is to minimize absorbed water in the soil for maximum compaction which decreases the swelling capacity of the soil particles and reduces permeability .the application enhances weather resistance.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The advantages of Terrazyme technology are:-<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Considerable improvement in soil CBR.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Minimum lose of gravel due<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>to erosion or abrasion by the traffic preserving original transverse section of slopes.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Impediment of wide spread occurances of dust from loose fine material on the road surface.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Case study of the two roads built by pwd of Maharashtra revealed that the use of<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>terrazyme resulted in overall cost saving in the range of 18-26%.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.1.7.3 Soil Cement Renolith Stabilization Technique<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Renolith is a polymer based chemical, which is environmental friendly and which facilitates the bonding of soil particles and soil cement. Renolith has high modulus of elasticity and can disperse the wheel loads very efficiently.it gives strong and durable base, reduseedmaintainance and dust free environment.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.1.8 Use Of Geo-Textiles<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Jute geotextiles is a kind of natural technical textile laid in or on soil to improve the engineering properties. It is made out of yarns obtained from the jute plant. It has high moisture absorption capacity. It has excellent dropability, high tensile strength.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.2 Vertical Drains<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Vertical drains are artificially created drainage paths which can be installed by one of several methods and which can have a variety drains along with precompression has the sole purpose of shortening the drainage path (distance to the drainage boundary)<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>of the pore water, thereby accelerating the rate of primary consolidation. They act as free drainage water channel surrounded by a thin filter jacket which prevents the surrounding soil from entering the core. A vertical sand drain accelerates the rate of consolidation. Installation of vertical sand drain is a convenient technique for stabilization of soft and compressible soil.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">There are two types of vertical drains-sand drains and sand wicks.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.2.1 Sand Drains</span></i></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Typically 200-500 mm in dia , They are formed by infilling sand into a hole in the ground. The hole is formed by driving , jetting or augering. The typical spacing is 1.5-6.0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.2.2 Sand Wicks<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Sand wicks are improved techniques of sand drains. A small diameter<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>hole is made by driving mandrel or by boring. Then cylindrical bags with sand is lowered into this. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof:yes"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:387pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="516" height="491" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1031" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Fig. 1 Vertical drains<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.3 Stabilization Trenches<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">The trenches are excavated to provide good drainage. Excavation which has a filter material between 0.5m to 1m thick against its upstream slope and at the bottom of system for collecting and eliminating water.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">These trenches improve the stability of embankment by providing drainage and replacing weaker material with better material. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof:yes"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3" spid="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:264pt;height:291.75pt;visibility:visible;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="352" height="389" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" shapes="Picture_x0020_3" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Fig. 2 Stabilization trenches<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.4 Capillary Cutoff<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">In some cases capillary water accumulates and saturates the subsurface layers which results in failure. To arrest this capillary rise capillary cutoff has to be provided. There are two types of capillary cutoffs<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%; mso-list:l4 level1 lfo4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Permeable capillary cutoff <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%; mso-list:l4 level1 lfo4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Impermeable capillary cut off<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.4.1 Permeable Capillary Cutoff<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Here in this case a layer of granular materials is provided which has a thickness higher than the capillary rise so that water cannot rise above the cutoff layer.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof:yes"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="pic.jpg" style="'width:5in;height:161.25pt;visibility:visible;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.jpg" title="pic"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="480" height="215" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" alt="pic.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1029" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Fig. 3 Cross section of pavement showing permeable capillary cutoff<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.4.2 Impermeable Capillary Cutoff<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">An impermeable capillary cutoff is prepared by inserting bituminous layer in place of permeable blanket.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-no-proof:yes"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof:yes"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Content_x0020_Placeholder_x0020_3" spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="pic 2.jpg" style="'width:369.75pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg" title="pic 2"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="493" height="177" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" alt="pic 2.jpg" shapes="Content_x0020_Placeholder_x0020_3" /><!--[endif]--></span><b><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Fig. 4 Cross section of pavement showing impermeable capillary cutoff<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.5 Soil Nailing<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">The basic concept of soil nailing is to reinforce and strengthen the existing ground by installing closely placed steel bars, called nails into a slope or excavation as construction proceeds from the” top down”. this process creates a reinforced section that is internally stable and able to retain the ground mass. It is usually done in earth retention structure that<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>combines reinforcements and shortcrete to support excavation , hill sides, embankments steeping etc..<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The nails must have bending stress. The tension developed in nails provides resisting forces which stabilizes thesoil mass.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof:yes"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:349.5pt;height:295.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="466" height="394" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1027" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Fig. 5 Soil nailing<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.6 Vibro Compaction and Vibro Replacement<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">The vibrostone column tecqniqe is one of the most widely used ground improvement process in the world. Although its potential for improving irish sites has yet to be fully exploited. Historically the system has been used increasingly to reinforce soft cohesive soils and mixed fills <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Vibro floatation is performed with a vibrating poker device which can penetrate to the required treatment depth under the action of its own vibrations. The penetration of poker is followed by the construction of a<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>stone column. The hole created by the poker is filled with inert crushed stone or gravel (or approved constructionwaste ) and is compacted in stages from the base of the hole upwards. Alternating the stone may be fed from a rigid mounted hopper through a permanent delivery tube along the side of the poker, which bends inwards and allows the stone to exit at the poker tip. By remaining in<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>the ground during column construction the poker cases its own hole and hence is suited to ground with a high water table or running sand conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-no-proof:yes"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4" spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:468pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="624" height="396" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" shapes="Picture_x0020_4" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Fig. 6 Vibro compaction<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.7 Dynamic Compaction <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">During the past 10 to 15 years dynamic compaction has become an increasingly popular technique for densifiying uncontrolled fills and loose natural deposits. Dynamic compaction is highly cost effective in urban areas with relatively high land values. The procedure involves dropping a heavy steel weight from a height of up to 80 feet over the land surface to be compacted. An undesirable feature of dynamic compaction however is the generation of ground vibration caused by the dropping weight.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Ground vibrations can be potentially damaging to adjacent structures in addition to being annoying to people. It is therefore important that vibration monitoring be potentially damaging to adjacent structures in addition to being annoying to people. It is therefore important that vibration monitoring be performed whenever dynamic compaction is performed in close<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>proximity to structures.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof:yes"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof:yes"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2" spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:304.5pt;height:337.5pt;visibility:visible;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.jpg" title="dynamic"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="406" height="450" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" shapes="Picture_x0020_2" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Fig. 7 Dynamic compaction<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3. CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">While constructing highways different ground conditions are encountered. Considering all factors a suitable ground improvement<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>technique has to be done. Ground improvement technique has to be done. Ground improvement technique has to be done. Ground improvement techniques have be extensively used by developed countries.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Lime stabilization is suitable for expansive soil like black cotton soil. In bitumen stabilization<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>water proofing can be achived.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">4.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt">REFERENCES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Colin j. serridge “Some application of ground improvement techniques in the urban environment”, IAEG (2006)</p> <ol style="margin-top:0in" start="2" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5;tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Mayne,P.W.,”ground vibrations during dynamic commpactioon”,presented at ASCE soil dynamics commitie convention in detroit,MIoctober,<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5;tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Sharma.S.C, (1994), "Ground Improvement Techniques", Vol. 22, No: 12, <i>Indian Highways, </i>New Delhi, pp. 3-4. <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5;tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Soil stabilization for pvements,head quarters department of the army and the airforce,Washington DC, <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5;tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Prefabricated vertical drains,Research Development and technology, TURNER-FAIRBANK Highway research center, report no:FHWA/RD-S6/168<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5;tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Arora.K.R, <span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>(2003), <span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>"Soil <span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Mechanics <span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>Foundation Engineering", Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi. <o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5645710934335182060-6696412886545553602?l=civilengineeringseminarsforstudents.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Nashid Usmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16399294491026500382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5645710934335182060.post-79562281230497539182010-12-11T23:44:00.000-08:002010-12-11T23:46:14.211-08:002010-12-11T23:46:14.211-08:00CONTROL OF ODOUR IN WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">1. INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Any place or a process in which waste water is collected, conveyed or treated has the potential to generate and release nuisance odours to the surrounding area. However, most odour problem occurs in the collection system, in primary treatment facilities and in solids handling facilities. In most instances, the odours associated with collection systems and primary treatment facilities are generated as a result of an anaerobic or “septic” condition. This paper consists of an evaluation of the qualitative characteristics and the economic properties of the various technologies available for waste water control. There are a virtually limitless number of unique odour control problems and challenges and it would be impossible to identify one technology as the most applicable for all situations. It is hoped that this paper could be used as a guide to select the most appropriate technology or technologies based on the unique characteristics of a given application.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">2. ODOUR PROBLEMS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Any place or process in which waste water is collected, conveyed or treated will release nuisance odours to the surrounding area. Most of the odour problems occur in the collection system, in primary treatment facilities and in solid handling facilities and these are generated as a result of an anaerobic or septic condition. This occurs when the transfer of oxygen for the microbes to survive, they become sulphate reducing bacteria to thrive. These bacteria utilize the sulphate ion, which is naturally abundant in most waters as an oxygen source for respiration. The byproduct of this activity is Hydrogen sulphide, which has a low solubility in the waste water and produces a rotten egg odour. It can also cause severe corrosion.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Solid handling facilities are another significant odour problem area. In bio-solids dewatering and treatment processes, the bio-solids commonly undergo extreme turbulence, pH adjustment and thermal treatment. Depending on the nature of the nature of the bio-solids stream and the treatment used, the odour compounds released can consists of ammonia, amines, hydrogen sulphide, mercaptans, organic sulphides etc. Here also, due to the anaerobic digestion of sludge, sulphate-reducing bacteria thrive, and hydrogen sulphide is formed. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">3. ODOUR CONTROLLING TECHNIQUES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">The various technologies can be split into min groups as:- <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Vapour-phase technologies<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Liquid-phase technologies.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">3.1 Vapour-Phase Technology<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">It is used to control odourous compounds in the air or gas. This technology is used in point source applications such as waste water treatment plants and pump stations or for the treatment of biogas.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Vapour phase technologies ventilate the point sources of odour problems. For air treatment, the ventilation system is designed to maintain a negative pressure on the area at all times, which will prevent the “leakage” of odourous air from vents, manways etc. The discharge from the ventilation system is the only route for the odourous air to escape, therefore it must be treated. This system is very effective in preventing the odour problems. Even if large amount of air are ventilated, the system can be effective by providing adequate ventilation or by reducing the contaminant concentration. Biogas treatment systems are concerned primarily with the removal of hydrogen sulphide to prevent the formation of sulphur dioxide. The removal of hydrogen sulphide is required to meet the emission standards or to prevent corrosion in the combustion equipment. The technologies used in treating the ventilation air or biogas are wet air scrubbing, liquid redox technology, bio-filtration, solid scavengers and carbon adsorption.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.1.1<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Wet Air Scrubbing<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">It is the most flexible and reliable technology for vapour-phase waste water odour control. This can be used to treat virtually any water soluble contaminant. In addition to hydrogen sulphide and organic odours, wet air scrubbing is very effective for ammonia removal. In this, the odour contaminants are solubilised from the vapour phase into an aqueous chemical solution. The removal mechanism is purely chemical. The chemical balance in the waste water is automatically continuously maintained, even under changing loading conditions, minimizing the chance for odour break-through.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-no-proof:yes"><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style="width:247.5pt;height:186pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg" title="ACO_wet_scrubber1"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Fig. 1 Wet Air Scrubber<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">For reducing the chemical use, the design used is multi state scrubbing system. The most prevalent contaminant is hydrogen sulphide. Hydrogen sulphide can be solubilized with a solution of sodium hydroxide. The other odour causing compounds are treated by sodium hypochlorite.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">In a single stage scrubber system, sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite are used in a re-circulating chemical solution. Sodium hypochlorite is a strong oxidizer; it readily reacts with sulphide that is solubilized by the sodium hydroxide. Therefore in a single stage system, sodium hypochlorite must be added in sufficient quantities to oxidize the hydrogen sulphide and maintain a residual to break the other odour compounds.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Advantages <o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo6"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Reliability and flexibility provided by the use of chemicals and chemical reactions.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Disadvantage<o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo6"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Minimization of chemical use and cost while maintaining complete, flexible and reliable treatment.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">3.1.2 Liquid Redox Technology<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Liquid redox units use a chelated metal dissolved in a water solution to remove hydrogen sulphide from a gas stream and convert it catalytically to solid, elemental sulphur. The metal in the solution, which is held by organic chelating agents, acts as catalyst, seeping up the naturally occurring reaction.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">The metal ions in the solution removes electron from a solution ion to form sulphur and in turn transfer the electrons to oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) in the regeneration process. Even if many metals are there for performing these functions, iron (Fe) is the most commercially used as it is inexpensive and non toxic.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-no-proof:yes"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5" spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style="width:407.25pt;height:249.75pt;visibility:visible; mso-wrap-style:square"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png" title=""> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Fig. 2 Liquid Redox Unit<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">It is not widely used in the odour control market. Most liquid redox processes are used in the petro chemical and natural gas industries and are considered too complicated and costly for odour controlling applications. This has limited applications in waste water higher capital cost. Liquid redox units have operating costs that can be less than 10% of other vapour phase treatment operations because of the regeneration of the active catalyst, the iron solution. Liquid redox units mainly focus on digester gas treatment and ventilation air applications with extremely high loadings of hydrogen sulphide. Since they remove only H<sub>2</sub>S, the units used for ventilation air odour control in waste water facilities require polish with hypochlorite or carbon to remove other odour compounds present.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">3.1.3 Bio-filtration<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">It can be used to treat a variety of biodegradable, water soluble contaminants. In a bio-filter, the odour contaminants are solubilized from the vapour phase to aqueous phase on the surface of an organic medium such as compost or peat. Then these compounds are degraded by bacteriological population on this media. Bio-filters are very effective in removing sulphur based odour compounds like hydrogen sulphide, organic sulphur and mercaptans. Two major challenges in bio-filtration are stability of media and control of bio-filtration process is not effective in removing nitrogen based compounds like ammonia and amines.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">The media used in bio-filter can be prone to breakdown. When this occurs, the bed settles and compacts increasing the head loss through the filter, which causes a decrease in airflow and fugitive odour emissions. Control of the bio-filtration process is also an important concern. If the media are exposed to wide swings in environmental conditions, upset of bacteria population may result and break-through odours will occur.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">3.1.4 Solid Scavengers<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Scavengers are solid or liquid materials that remove sulphur compounds from gas or liquid streams, reacting with them and converting them to stable compounds. Solid scavengers differ from carbon absorbers in that the sulphur compounds actually react to form stable compounds. As a result, spent media from scavengers are easier to handle than spent carbon media. But the scavengers cannot be regenerated. It cannot be consumed in the removal of H<sub>2</sub>S.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Solid scavengers are of two types<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo5"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Those that use an organic substrate (generally called an iron sponge)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo5"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Those that use an inorganic or ceramic substrate<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">These media have seen widespread use in the natural gas market and have spread into the treatment of anaerobic biogas. It has low capital costs. Operating costs for scavenger systems are scavengers are comparable to single stage wet air scrubbers, but have added the benefit of not absorbing carbon dioxide, making them ideal for treating biogas with low to moderate levels of H<sub>2</sub>S.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">3.1.5 Carbon Adsorption <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">In this system, the air stream is passed over a bed of adsorbent (carbon) and the ofour causing compounds are attracted to and adhere to the surface of the adsorbent. This is the simplest method. There is no ongoing chemical supply to the system, and there are no biological processes to be upset. Sulphur based compounds such as H2S are removed effectively by carbon adsorption systems. But ammonia and other nitrogen based compounds are not effectively treated.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-no-proof:yes"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_8" spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="width:468pt;height:261pt;visibility:visible; mso-wrap-style:square"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png" title=""> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Fig. 3 Carbon Adsorption<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">3.2 Liquid-phase technologies<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">The objective of the liquid phase technology is multiple point odour control. This method is used to control odourous compounds in the liquid wastewater itself. These are typically used in collection systems, where both odourous and corrosion can be controlled. Most liquid phase technologies involve the addition of a chemical to wastewater or to control the formation of odourous compounds or react with those compounds once they are formed.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">With liquid phase treatment, H2S is prevented from escaping the liquid into vapour, thereby corrosion is prevented. Through proper application of liquid phase treatment in a collection system, multiple odour release points such as manholes, air relief valves and re-pump stations can be controlled through one chemical application point.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Some of the liquid phase technologies are listed below:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">3.2.1 Iron Salts<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">These are applied to wastewater to oxidize or precipitate dissolved sulphide. Ferrous salts such as ferrous sulphate precipitate. Sulphur as ferrous sulphide. Ferrous sulphide is a light precipitate, black in colour; within the aeration process of treatment plant, ferrous sulphide is dissociated. Ferric salts such as ferric chloride oxidize some of the sulphide to sulphur while reducing ferric ions to ferrous ions. Remaining ferrous ion reacts with dissolved sulphide to form the ferrous sulphide precipitate. Ferric ion can be used for chemical precipitation of phosphorous. Other odourous compounds are not treated with iron salts. Iron salt solutions are hazardous compounds and require wall tankage and piping systems.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">3.2.2 Bioxide process<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">It involves the application of a nitrate solution to waste water. It use naturally occurring bacteria to biochemically oxidize dissolved sulphide in the presence of nitrate. This mechanism takes place when the solution is applied in wastewater that contains dissolved sulphide. Nitrate is injected in sufficient quantities to oxidize sulphide (biochemically) by the reaction;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">8NO3-+5H2S→ 5SO4+4N2+4H2O+2H+<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">3.2.3 Oxidizing agents <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Oxidation for wastewater odour control involves the application of a strong chemical oxidizing agent to the wastewater. The oxidizing agent is used to chemically react with dissolved sulphide, converting it to sulphate or sulphur. In addition to dissolved sulphide, many other odourous compounds as well as non odourous compounds are treated by the oxidizing agent. Hydrogen peroxide is the most commonly used oxidizer.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">3.2.4 Anthraquinone<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">It is a chemical compound that interrupts the sulphate reduction process carried out by sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) in wastewater under anaerobic conditions. This process occurs in cytoplasmic membrane of the SRB at the cytochrome C3 location. Anthraquinone is a non hazardous compound. When used alone, anthraqinone is specific to the control of sulphide. It can be used in the conjunction with bioxide process.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">3.2.5 Digester gas treatment <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">Because of the difficulty of comparing applications for biogas treatment, comparisons of the capital and operating costs of liquid redox systems and solid scavengers for the treatment of biogas are not included.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">In any evaluation for the treatment of biogas, many factors need to be evaluated together to determine the best system to use<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:74.25pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Loading<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:74.25pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Variability<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:74.25pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Process conditions<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:74.25pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Labour<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">4.CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">As expected, this review and analysis does not provide a conclusive determination of the “best” odour control technology. Rather it supports the contention that the existing conditions, treatment objectives and economic restraints must be considered in selection and design of any odour control strategy.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">5. REFERENCES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Vaughn Harshman P.E, tony Barnette(2000), Wastewater Odor Control An Evaluation Of Technologies, Water Engineering and Management<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Browker, Robert P.G(2002), Odors and Corrosion Control in Sanitary Sewerage Systems and Treatment Plants, Air Pollution Engineering manual<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">David J, John Philip(2006), Odor Control for Municipal Sewage and Wastewater , Spartan Environmental Technologies<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">4.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Giancarlo Riva, Ecosorb(2004),</span><a href="http://www.epa.gov/owmitnet/ecosorb.htm"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">http://www.epa.gov/owmitnet/ecosorb.htm</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi">(October 28,2004)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">5.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">Charles. M, Michael.A.McGinneley, Odor Control for municipal sewage and wastewater facilities (2004), http://www.spartanwatertreatment.com, (October28,2004)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5645710934335182060-7956228123049753918?l=civilengineeringseminarsforstudents.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Nashid Usmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16399294491026500382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5645710934335182060.post-20655059533720380582010-12-11T23:40:00.000-08:002010-12-11T23:41:58.172-08:002010-12-11T23:41:58.172-08:00EFFICIENT EVACUATION METHODS IN TALL BUILDINGS<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">1.INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">According to European evacuation plans, elevators are returned to the main entrance when a fire alarm is raised. Only stairs are used for evacuation during an emergency situation, which is not always the most efficient way. Furthermore, the regulations tend to forget the disabled and elderly people who may not be able to use the stairs at all. The time from the beginning of an emergency until all people have reached an area of safety outside the building can be divided into three phases, recognition time, reaction time and egress time. Pre-movement time is the time before people start to egress the building. Its length is influenced by the signs of danger (e.g., people smell smoke), alarms, time of day and type of building. For example, one can expect that the pre-movement time is long in an apartment building at night. According to some studies, the pre-movement time is about three times longer than the actual movement time. Occupants become aware of the emergency after the recognition time. This is often the most critical part, when fire alarms have not yet been given. During the reaction time, people try to get information about the situation, the source of the emergency, gather personal belongings, perhaps their children and so forth. Training for emergency situations also affects the reaction time. During the actual movement phase, people move out of the building until everyone has reached an area of safety. Evacuation studies often concentrate on finding out the egress time since it can be estimated theoretically.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Critical time (<i>Tcrit</i>) is defined as a time limit when the evacuation of people is safe and probably no injuries or deaths will occur (Equation 1).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Tp + Tr + Te </span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">≤ <i>Tcrit<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></i>(1)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof:yes"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" spid="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:468pt;height:146.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="624" height="195" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" shapes="Picture_x0020_1" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2. EVACUATION BY ELEVATORS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">2.1 Evacuation Times vs. Planning Criteria<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">Elevators are usually planned for the up-peak situation since it is the most demanding situation for the elevator transportation capacity. In residential buildings, a typical handling capacity is from 5% to 7.5% of the population in five minutes. In office buildings, a typical range of up-peak handling capacity is from 13% to 18% of the population in five minutes. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">Down-peak or occupant evacuation is not normally considered at the planning stage of a building and in elevator arrangements. It has been stated that elevators should be capable of evacuating the population of a building within 15-30 minutes. A rough conclusion from the simulations is that elevators can transport about 1.5 times more passengers in down-peak than in up-peak. According to BTS simulations with modem-control systems, down-peak handling capacity with modem-control systems can even be 1.8 times greater than in up-peak. As an example, if elevators can transport 15% of the population in up-peak, the same elevators can transport about 22.5% to 27% of the population in down-peak. The reason is that the elevators have fewer car calls in down-peak and can reverse their direction more easily. This makes the elevator roundtrip time shorter, which increases handling capacity in down-peak.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">The building filling and evacuation times for different up-peak handling capacities are shown in Figure 2. It can be seen, for instance, that with 15% up-peak handling capacity, the building filling time is about 33 minutes, and the average egress time is 19-22 minutes. The requirement of 15-30 minutes evacuation time is fulfilled with the up-peak handling capacity of 10% to 22% of the population in five minutes. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof:yes"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_7" spid="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:251.25pt;height:183.75pt;visibility:visible;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="335" height="245" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" shapes="Picture_x0020_7" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">2.2 Mega-High-Rise Building<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">In a study of the behavior of people during an explosion below the World Trade Center (WTC) plaza in New York City in 1993 (Fahy and Proulx 1998), the mean reaction time of occupants was 11.3 minutes in Tower 1 and 39.9 minutes in Tower 2. According to this study, the total evacuation time was from one to three hours. This time included the times passengers had spent waiting or resting in areas of refuge. Results of the same order were obtained from the terrorist attack on the WTC on September 11, 2001, where, for example, the window washer took 53 minutes to exit the building by the stairs from the 50th floor. In the first incident in 1993, the occupants would probably have been able to use the elevators during the emergency. In buildings where sky lobby arrangements are used, the number of floors is at least 60, and the egress times by the stairs are very long. If elevators were used during the emergency, passengers above the sky lobby would have to use local and shuttle elevators during their way down to the main entrance. In mega-high-rise buildings, shuttle elevators may become a bottle-neck during evacuation if they are planned with normal up-peak criteria. According to Figure 3, local elevator groups can empty all passengers from upper floors within 20 minutes, if the up-peak handling capacities of local groups are in the range of 14% to 17% of population in five minutes.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">In this case, during evacuation all passengers arriving from local groups to the sky lobby cannot be transported down by the shuttle elevators with the same rate as they arrive, and congestion will occur. In the previous example, passengers would be transported down within 20 minutes by the shuttle group, if its up-peak handling capacity was 25% of the population in five minutes. With a high handling-capacity requirement, a single-deck shuttle group takes a lot of building core space. Double-deck or triple-deck elevators require less core space, since they theoretically double or triple the handling capacity per shaft if they have two stops only.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof:yes"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4" spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:240.75pt;height:162.75pt;visibility:visible;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="321" height="217" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" shapes="Picture_x0020_4" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.3 Movement Time by the Stairs<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The movement of people in stairs can be modeled as unified crowd flows. The maximum flow per stair width has been measured for different types of staircases, riser heights and treads depths. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The flow models give optimistic results, since they assume that stairs do not become overcrowded. In case there is heavy congestion, the walking speed and also the occupant flow drop significantly. Simulations give more information about situations where the occupant density is very high and there is smoke and panic.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">In the Melinek and Booth flow model (Melinek and Booth 1975), the evacuation situations can be roughly divided into two categories. In one case, there is congestion on the stairs and the occupant flow is at maximum all the time. In the other case, occupants can walk freely. The egress time is the maximum of these two.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; color:red;mso-no-proof:yes"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_19" spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:303pt;height:72.75pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="404" height="97" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" shapes="Picture_x0020_19" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:red"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; color:red"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">where<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">t1 </span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">egress time (congestion)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">tn </span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">egress time (free walk)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">n </span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">number of floors<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">N </span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">number of people per floor and exit<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Fs </span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">nominal occupant flow on stairs (persons/m/s)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">W </span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">width of the staircase<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">ts </span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">walking time between adjacent floors (free walk)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof:yes"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10" spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:294pt;height:205.5pt;visibility:visible;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="392" height="274" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" shapes="Picture_x0020_10" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof:yes"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_13" spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:286.5pt;height:203.25pt;visibility:visible;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="382" height="271" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" shapes="Picture_x0020_13" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof:yes"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_16" spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:287.25pt;height:193.5pt;visibility:visible;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="383" height="258" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" shapes="Picture_x0020_16" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3. EVACUATION BY ELEVATORS AND STAIRS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">If there are several ways to escape from the building, occupants try to use the quickest one. If the environment is not familiar, people may have difficulties in finding the emergency exits, and they would rather use the same route by which they entered the building. Even if the environment is well known, it is difficult to choose the best route, since some of them become congested in an emergency situation. Therefore, at least one of the stairs should be placed in the proximity of the elevators so that the occupants can easily choose the best exit route.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">An optimal situation for using the stairs and elevators would be that the last person from the stairs and the last person from the elevator exit the building simultaneously. Otherwise, the longest egress time from either of the exit ways defines the total evacuation time. It is difficult to<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">predict the proportion of people that would use elevators or stairs in an emergency situation. A case where half of the population use elevators and half of them use stairs was studied for the same buildings as in the previous section. According to Figure 6, in an office building with 30 floors and with 100 persons per floor, the egress time by stairs and elevators drops to about 13 minutes. From Figure 5 it can be seen that by stairs it is 26 minutes, and by elevators 22 minutes. Using both exit ways considerably decreases the egress time up to about 50-floor buildings with about 100 persons per floor. For 200 persons per floor, using equally stairs and elevators.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4. CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">In this article, evacuation by elevators and stairs was studied. According to the simulation results, arranging people into zones during the evacuation does not decrease the evacuation time. Modern control systems can handle the down-peak situation effectively without zoning. Evacuation times in buildings with different number of floors and with different proportions of population per floor were studied for stairs and elevators. In planning stairs in a building, only the floor population and walking times and distances to the nearest exits and stairways are considered. According to the results, if either stairs or elevators are used, evacuation times by elevators become shorter for office buildings with 15 floors or more depending on the number of people per floor. If both stairs and elevators are used, evacuation time usually decreases compared to using elevators or stairs only. In a typical residential building the stairs are the fastest way for evacuation since the elevator-handling capacity is small. If only a small percentage of occupants use the elevators, the egress time decreases compared to using only the stairs in a residential building. If elevators are used in mega-high-rise buildings during an emergency situation, evacuation times can drop to 15- 30 minutes instead of two to three hours. In these buildings, shuttle elevators may become a bottle-neck during the evacuation and down-peak. Handling capacity of a shuttle elevator group with only two stops can be considerably increased with double-deck or triple-deck elevators.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">5.REFERENCES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">1. Fahy, R. F. and G. Proulx. (1998). “Human Behavior in the World Trade Center Evacuation.” <i>Fire Safety Science – Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium</i>, pp. 713-724.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2. Lo, S. M., Z. Fang and D. Chen. (2001). “Use of a Modified Network Model for Analyzing Evacuation Patterns in High-Rise Buildings.” <i>Journal of Architectural Engineering</i>, June, pp. 21- 29.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3. Melinek, S.J. and S. Booth. (1975). An Analysis of Evacuation Times and the Movement of Crowds in Buildings. Borehamwood; GB: Building Research Establishment, Fire Research Station. (BRE Current Paper CP 96/75 FRS)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4. Proulx, G. (1995). “Evacuation Time and Movement in Apartment Buildings.” <i>Fire Safety Journal</i>, Vol. 24 (3), pp. 229-246.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">5. Schneider, V. (2001). Application of the Individual-Based Evacuation Model ASERI in Designing Safety Concepts. International Symposium on Human Behaviour in Fire, Boston, 26/28 March, 17 pp.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">6. Siikonen, M-L., T. Susi and H. Hakonen. (2001). “Passenger Traffic Flow Simulation in Tall Buildings.” ELEVATOR WORLD, August, pp. 117-123.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">7. Strakosch, G. R. (1967). <i>Vertical Transportation: Elevators and Escalators</i>, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 495.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">8. Weckman, H., S. Lehtimäki and S. Männikkö. (1999). “Evacuation of a Theatre: Exercise vs. Calculations.” <i>Fire and Materials</i>, 23, pp. 357-361.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5645710934335182060-2065505953372038058?l=civilengineeringseminarsforstudents.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Nashid Usmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16399294491026500382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5645710934335182060.post-65619534963200906442010-12-11T23:38:00.001-08:002010-12-11T23:38:36.911-08:002010-12-11T23:38:36.911-08:00MOBILE BRIDGE INSPECTION PLATFORM<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">1.INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The existing bridges in India are more than 50 years and were designed for less volume of traffic, slower speed and lighter loads. The various factors have resulted in deterioration of bridges and the need for their maintenance, rehabilitation or replacement has increased manifold. Thus, it has become essential to have an effective system for inspection of bridges at faster speed and regular intervals. The equipment used for this purpose is known as mobile bridge inspection unit. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2. NECESSITY FOR INSPECTION OF BRIDGES <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.1 Inspection Of Bridges <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">It is carried out to <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">a)Assure that bridge is structurally safe and fit for its designated use.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">b) Identify the source of trouble at earliest possible stage and take necessary preventive measures.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">c) Keep the records systematically about the structure which shall be helpful for its future course of action. Timely forecast and attending the repairs will reduce their high maintenance and repair cost. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.2Type Of Inspection<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Inspection of bridges is done in three modes:-<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">a)Routine inspection<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">b)Principal inspection<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">c)Special inspection <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.2.1 <i>Routine Inspection</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">It is done periodically through visual inspection.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.2.2 <i>Principal Inspection</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">If routine inspection reveals any distress in bridge structure, more intensive and detailed inspection to be done with the instruments like concrete test hammer, resistivity meter, ultrasonic instrument, permeability tester etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.2.3 <i>Special Inspection<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">It is required in case of unusual occurrences i.e. strong<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>earthquake , accidents, floods, settlement of foundations, major deficiencies noticed during routine/ principal inspection and needs the involvement of experts in relevant field. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3. MOBILE BRIDGE INSPECTION UNIT<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3.1 Classification<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Broadly mobile bridge inspection unit is classified in two categories:-<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">a)Cage type<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">b)Platform type<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3.1.1 <i>Mobile Bridge Inspeciton Unit(Cage Type)</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">It consists of :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">a)Truck chassis <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">b)Hydraulic jacks quantity – 4 nos, which are used to level the truck descending vertically.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">c)An articulated telescopic boom consisting of a telescopic main boom mounted on the turn table by means of hydraulic system.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3.1.1.1 </span></b><i><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Features</span></u></i><b><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">a)The leveling of machine takes place automatically along with outrigger.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">b)All movements are operated hydraulically and controlled through control panel provided in cage and on ground under bridge inspection. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">c)Inter communication system is provided between cage, ground control panel and cabin.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">d)Automatic safety devices are provided for its safe operation. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">e)It can be used for inspection of bridges approximately 9,000 meter width and 12,000 metre in vertical downward reach.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3.1.2 <i>Mobile Bridge Inspection Unit (Platform Type)<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">This type of unit is provided with working platform, heavier in weight, therefore truck chassis and stabilization system should be selected carefully to keep tyres/ stabilizers ground pressure on bridge deck within permissible limit during its translating and stabilization operation. In India this limit is taken as 5kg/cm2.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3.1.2.1 </span></b><i><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Stabilisers</span></u></i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">These are used during stabilization of unit and are of following types:-<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">a)Pneumatic tyre stabilizers.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">b)Rubber bonded solid steel wheel stabilizers.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">c)Stabilizers fitted with track chain.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3.1.2.2 </span></b><i><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Basic Parameters For Selection Of MBIU</span></u></i><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The unit has been designed for its transportation at fast speed and inspects the bridges quickly. Normally one unit can be utilized effectively for inspection of bridges in three or vour adjoining states i.e. its selection should be done with great care. Following are the basic parameters and norms generally adopted in India for inspection of two lane bridge in single stetting or four lane bridge in double setting.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">a)The unit should not occupy more than 3.50metre width of carriage way, leaving the balance for free flow of traffic.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">b)The vehicle should be capable of running at slow speed approximately 4 metre per minute on bridge deck while platform is in working position under the bridge.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3.1.2.3 </span></b><i><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Safety Devices</span></u></i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The unit is provided with following safety devices for its safe operation:-<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">a)Over load device <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">It is provided on the working platform. In case of over loading on working platform, horn will give alarm sound and unit will switch over to emergency cut off position.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">b)Emergency push buttons<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">These are provided in (a)driver’s cabin (b)main control panel (c)platform control panel (d)launching panel. In case of emergency , it cuts off electrical circuit instantaneously and stops further operation of unit. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">c)Emergency pump<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">It is used for retrieval of unit in emergency due to failure of vehicle engine, power take off or interruption in control system/hydraulic pump.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">d)Emergency cut outs<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">These are used cot maintain appropriate load at the structure and fitted at working platform, lifting tower and main control panel.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">e)Limit switches<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The area of operation and load at the working platform is divided in two position (a)extended (b)retract. These switches are provided at the working platform for its restricted movement.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3.1.2.4 </span></b><i><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Lift Arrangement</span></u></i><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">It is manually operated hydraulic lift with independent pump to operate scaffolding cage up to three metre height and used for inspection of inner beam and box girder. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3.1.2.5 </span></b><i><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Descender Unit</span></u></i><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">It consists of a cage3 with two revolving rubber guide wheels for support on piers. It is operated with generating set provided with the unit. Normally two persons can be accommodated inh the cage and inspect or carry out small repairs of piers.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3.1.2.6 </span></b><i><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Repair Facilities</span></u></i><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The working platform has suitable arrangement to provide water, compressed air, electricity connections 220 volts from external source on top of the bridge , to facilitate use of repair tools and equipment required for minor repair of bridge. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3.2 Selection Of Unit<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3.2.1</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The mobile bridge inspection should be of repute make, proven design, structurally<b> </b>sound, robust in construction with emphasis on safety under all working conditions including transportation. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3.2.2 <i>Air Suspension System</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">It is fitted on truck chassis of the unit. Its purpose is a)to reduce strain on truck components and increase their service life.(b) proper suspension comfort under all load conditions specially in distribution system when load increases/decreases (c)to provide consistently smooth ride under all load conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The operation of MBIU is done through hydraulic system which gets the power from prime mover of truck. Besides, unit has to cover vast area under different geographical conditions for inspection of bridges therefore, truck of the unit should be of:-<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">1.Repute make.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.Adequate capacity for smooth functioning of unit.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3.Follow norms of motor vehicle act applicable in India as shown below:-<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in; mso-text-indent-alt:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span>i.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Axle load not to exceed<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">a)Driven axle<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>6000kg<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">b)Drive single axle<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>10200kg<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">c)Drive double tandem axle<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>19000kg <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5in; mso-text-indent-alt:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span>ii.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Dimensions during transportation should not exceed<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">a)Length<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>11m<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">b)Breadth<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>2.5m<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">c)Height<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>3.95m<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4. SUGGESTIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">a)Normally, operation, maintenance and repair cost of the mobile bridge inspection unit along with light commercial vehicle is Rs12 lakh per annum (approx.). Therefore, advance planning and monitoring should be done for its optimum utilization to keep the running economical.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">b)It is a costly and sophisticated equipment. Therefore, skilled trained operators and mechanics should be deployed on the unit.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">c)In hilly regions, roads with sharp curve, higher gradient and single/double lane bridges with low ground pressure bearing capacity normally exist. It should be preferred to procure mobile bridge inspection unit (platform type) with 7.5m working platform mounted on a single axle drive vehicle which is lighter in weight and capable to inspect double lane bridges in two settings.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">d)The log book containing the utilization of unit is imported equipment. Therefore, hydraulic pump, one set of relay, power contractor, O rings etc should be kept in spare to avoid idling due to break down.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">e)Electrical contact points should be deoxidized regularly to avoid break down of unit.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">f)Operation of MBIU involves the safety of the unit as well as operating staff also. Therefore, manufacturer’s instructions given in operation and maintenance manual should be strictly followed.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">g)Presently inspection of bridges is done visually and with concrete test hammer. The inspection instruments like resistivity meter, crack measuring meter, ultrasonic equipment, permeability tester etc should be provided with the unit to make the inspection more effective.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">5. REFERENCES<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">1. IRC Special Publication No. 35 – Guidelines for Inspection and Maintenance of Bridges<o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5645710934335182060-6561953496320090644?l=civilengineeringseminarsforstudents.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Nashid Usmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16399294491026500382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5645710934335182060.post-77229368258601182252010-12-11T23:34:00.001-08:002010-12-11T23:35:55.744-08:002010-12-11T23:35:55.744-08:00<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">1. INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">Three gorges dam is the tallest dam in the world constructed in China across Yangtze River. It is a gravity dam and is the largest hydroelectric project in the world, which was approved in 1992. Estimated cost is $26 billion. Structural work finished by May 2006. The water flows from top left to bottom right. The dam body divided into left side, the spillway and the right side, when facing downstream side .The underground power plant is in the south west part of the dam. For the construction of this dam, 27, 20,000 m<sup>3</sup> of concrete and 4, 63,000 kg of steel was used; enough for 63 Eiffel towers. Its length is 2.335km, height is 185m, base and top width 115m and 40m respectively. It has a capacity of 39.3 km<sup>3</sup>, catchment area of 1,000,000km<sup>2</sup> and surface area of 1,045km<sup>2</sup>. Other features of this dam are that it is not an obstruction to navigation, resistant to erosion sedimentation and flooding. At present, there are 32 working generators. Its installed capacity is 22,500 mw and annual generation is 100,000gwh. Although, there are economic benefits from flood control and hydroelectric power, there are also concerns about the future of over a million people who will be displaced by the rising waters, the loss of many valuable archaeological and cultural sites, as well as the effects on the environment</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi">.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-outline-level:2;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">2. FACTS AND FIGURES </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:39.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol; color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">The Three Gorges d</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;color:black">am will consist of a 610-foot high wall running 1.3 miles from bank to bank.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:39.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol; color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The reservoir created by the backflow of the dam will extend 360 miles up river to Chongqing ("Chong-ching"), a distance equal to nearly half the length of California.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:39.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol; color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Once operational, the dam will produce the ene</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; color:black">rgy of 15 nuclear power plants.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:39.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol; color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; color:black">The project is estimated to be completed in 2009 at a cost of over $30 billion. </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:39.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol; color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; color:black">In the past 2,000 years, the Yangtze River has experienced 215 catastrophic floods.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:39.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol; color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; color:black">In 1998 flooding in the area expected to be controlled by the dam resulted in 4,000 dead, 14 million left homeless and $24 billion in economic loss.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:39.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol; color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; color:black">When the dam is completed, 13 cities, 140 towns and over 1,300 villages will be submerged by the Three Gorges Reservoir.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:39.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol; color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; color:black">To make way for the Three Gorges Dam, 1.5 million people will have to abandon their homes. More than 160,000 citizens have already been relocated.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:39.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol; color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; color:black">Upon the dam's completion, 1,300 known archeological sites will be lost forever under water. </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:39.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol; color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; color:black">Over 360 million people live within the watershed of the Yangtze River. If the one in one thousand chance of a dam collapse occurred, the millions of people who live downstream would be endangered.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3. CONSTRUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">Construction formally began in November 1997. The Yangtze River was closed by dropping loads of huge rocks using a 32 tonne dump truck. The river was divided into 3.7 km long canal, using massive 580m long, 140m high coffer dam so that three gorges dam could be built on the river bed. In 2003, China<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>blocked the Yangtze river and began building a 600 km long reservoir in the water. Live television broadcast showed water in the sluice being cut off slowly. Water rows at a rate of about a half cm every hour until mid June. When the water reached an interim level of 135 m above sea level ; 100 m above what it was before , commercial ships began passing through the locks. By August, two 700MW generators started functioning. The exploration of the coffer dam done with 191 tons of dynamite sent water shooting 30m into the air. Before the exploration, the water was zapped with electricity to keep the fish out of harm’s way.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4. BENEFITS OF THREE GORGES DAM<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4.1 Power Generation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">Electricity production in China was scarce comparatively. The fully completed three gorges dam will contribute about 100 TWH of generation per year . The Three Gorges dam is the world’s largest hydro electric power station by total capacity eventually reaching 22500 MW. It will have 34 generators: 32 main generator each with a capacity of 700 MW and two plant power generators each with capacity of 50 MW. Among these 32 main generators, 14 are installed in the north side of the dam, 12 m in the south side of dam and remaining six in the underground power plant in the mountain south of dam.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4.2 Generator<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">The<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>main generator worth about 6000 tone each and designed to produce more than 700MW of power. The designed head of generator is 80.6m. The flow rate varies between 600-950m3 depending on the head available. The greater the head, the lesser water needed to reach full power . This dam uses Francis turbine having diameter 10.4 m and rotation speed of 75rpm. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4.3 Navigation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">The Yangtze river is one of the busiest waterways in the world . At present the shipping traffic can only pass the dam by means of 2 lane 5 chamber lock chain. The installation of ship locks is intended to increase river shipping from 10 million to 100 million tons annually with transportation cost cut by 30 to 37 percent . Shipping will become safer since the gorges are really dangerous to navigate.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">Each of ship locks is made of five stages with transit time at around four hours. Maximum vessel size permitted is 10,000 tones. The locks are 280 m long , 35 m wide and 5 m deep. That is 30 m larger than those on the St. Lawrence seaway but only half as deep. Before the dam was constructed, the maximum freight capacity at the three gorges dam site was 18 million tones per year . From 2004 to 2007, a total of 198 million tones of freight passed through the locks. The freight capacity of the river increased 6 times and the cost of shipping was reduced by 25%. The total capacity is expected to reach 100 million tones. The time taken for this system is more than 3 hours. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4.4 Ship Lift<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">In addition to canal lock, a ship lift is a kind of elevator for vessels under construction .The ship lift is designed <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>to be capable of upto 3000 tons. The original plan specified a lift having capacity of 11500 tons. The vertical distance travelled is 113m and the size of the ship basin is 120X18X3.5m and has a moving mass of 34000 tons. A conflicting factor is that the water level can rise very dramatically. The ship lift must work even if water level varies by 12m on the lower side and 30m on the upper side. Construction of ship lift started in October 2007 and is anticipated to be completed by 2014. It will be mainly used for passenger transport.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">The main component of this structure ate 4 169m high reinforced concrete tower each measuring 40X6m on plan. The four towers are built on a continuous foundation slab measuring 119X57.8m directly on granite rock. Between the towers the steel ship chamber which is 132m long is suspended from 256 ropes that are connected with counter weights . 128 double room pulleys at the top of the tower. Each pair of towers on the long side of ship chamber is flanked by shear walls. The walls and towers are connected by coupling beams distributed evenly over the height. Two bridges between the towers are located above the ship chamber, 1 for the central control room and one for the visitors’ platform. The guided counterweights made of high density concrete run in shafts inside the tower. The ropes are deflected by the rope pulleys at the top of the structure which are supported by reinforced concrete girder mounted on the shear walls and the towers. Rope pulleys are protected by shear walls. Two steel structures on the top of the building with main runway. The cranes also serve the machine room on top of the ship chamber. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:38.25pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The moving mass of approx 34000 tons ( water+ ship chamber+ counterweights + ropes) and usable space of 120X18X8m area are larger than any similar structure completed to date.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:38.25pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">As part of a dam complex with power station flood protection and two chains of locks , the ship lift is subjected to short term operational water level fluctuations upto 50cm per hour on the downstream side.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:38.25pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Hydrological water level fluctuations of 30m on the upstream side and 11.8m on the downstream side require special gate equipment at the lower and upper buoys. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:20.25pt;text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">At the end of ship chamber an anti collision device positioned at a distance of 4.5m from the backplate of the chamber gate is provided to prevent damage by ships that do not stop in time. This device take the form of a rope 50cm above the water line. The rope is installed below a rope barrier which also serves as a walk way. The maximum impact energy for the design was 1600kNm. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:20.25pt;text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">5. DESIGN CALCULATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:58.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Incorrect operation of the drive <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:58.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Sunken ship<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:58.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Ship collision<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:58.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Rope breaking<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:58.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Buoyancy <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:58.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Earthquakes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:58.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Differing water level<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:58.5pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Water pressure when one gate is open <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:58.5pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Chamber completely full/empty<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">6. WATER LEVEL CONTROL ON CHAMBER <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">To ensure control during operation the chamber is motor driven during both ascent and descent. On the ascent, the chamber is moved with slightly higher water level than the normal value of 3.5m. On the descent , the chamber is slightly less full so that the motor must always be in operation. The construction is however designed in such a way that the lift can also be operated in generating motor driven loads in alternating stresses on the pinions which were taken into consideration in the design process. After<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>the ship has entered into the chamber , the chamber gate is closed and the water level is adjusted to the normal level within 5 minutes by pumps at a rate 250m3/sec. Once the outer gates are closed , the water in the gap between the gates is evacuated within 90 seconds and the temporarily stored in a pipe system below the chamber. While it is moving the water is pumped steadily back into it, which takes a minute. This keeps the flow speed of chamber low and avoids additional forces on ship hawsers.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The three gorges ship lift is a structure that is not only unusual in its purpose but also in its components. With its enormous dimensions and complex engineering solutions, the ship chamber effectively represents a movable building.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">7. FLOOD CONTROL<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The most significant function of a dam is to control flooding which is a major problem for the seasonal river, Yangtze. Millions of people live on the downstream side of the dam. Many large important cities and plenty of farmlands and important industrial areas built beside the river.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The reservoir flood storage capacity is 22 km<sup>2</sup>. The dam passed its first flood control test in July and August 2007, when heavy rain caused water level in the Yangtze river to rise above flood levels while other rivers overflowed their banks, killing hundreds and causing billions of dollars of damage. Barges navigated up and down the river and water flowed into irrigation canals as usual even though run-off water poured into the reservoir at 51000m<sup>3</sup>/s.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The three gorges dam regulates the river by releasing limited amount of water and trapping excessive rains in the huge reservoir. When the water level peaked boat traffic was haled and ship locks were closed and water was released at a rate of 48000m3/sec through 18 grant slanes. The rest of water remained baked up in the reservoir . The water peaked at 43m danger level downstream from the dam and then started to decline.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">8. SEDIMENTATION CONTROL AND EROSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Two hazards are uniquely identified with the dam one is that sedimentation projections are not agreed upon and the other is that the dam sits on a fault.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">At current level 80% of the land in the area is experiencing erosion , depositing about 40 million ton of sediment into Yangtze annually. The relocation of people from the reservoir area will coarse farther deforestation and erosion due to agricultural needs.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Stopping the periodic and uncontrolled flooding of the river will lessen bank erosion . The dam will reduce the amount of silt transported Yangtze delta, eventually reduces the effectiveness of the dam of electricity degeneration. Perhaps more important is the deduction of downstream silt could results the sinking of coastal area.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Excessive sedimentation could block the down sluie gates. Critics claim that the reservoir with average 530 million ton of silt accumulate per year clogging the turbines entrance way . 151 million tons of sediments<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>reach the reservoir every year . The huge sluice gates at the bottom of the 185m dam are opened to flush away sediment collected in the reservoir during floods. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">9. CONCLUSIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The Three Gorges Dam is the largest hydro electric dam in the world and will supply a growing non coal energy source to supply power for growing industrial manufacturing sector of China. The dam was overwhelmingly<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>beneficial and is an example to follow for future dam projects worldwide. The dam is also a symbol of China’s new future and role in world economy showing the contradiction that was raised up through the years of planning and construction that may have potentially hurt the dam’s overall impact on the Three Gorges Valley. The dam functions is basic but on a huge scale and its flood function is the primary purpose for the project . There is much scepticism<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>hovering<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>around the project . If the dam fails then a catastrophic event will occur.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">10. REFERENCES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman">1. <i>Mur journal</i> vol 8(2008)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman">2. Adams, Patricia. (Sept 1993) <i>Planning for Disaster: China’s Three Gorges Dam</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman">Retrieved on Sept 25, 2006, from<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman"><http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1993/09/mm0993_08.html><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman">3. Chan, Gabriel. (June 7, 2006) <i>The Three Gorges Dammed for Eternity</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman">Retrieved on September 25, 2006, from<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman"><http://iwarrior.uwaterloo.ca/?module=displaystory&story_id=2369&format=htm<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman">&edition>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman">4. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_gorges_dam#_note-7><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman">5. Three Gorges Dam Project (n.d.) Retrieved on September 27, 2006, from<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman"><http://www.probeinternational.org/pi/3g/index.cfm?DSP=content&ContentID=17<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman">08></span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5645710934335182060-7722936825860118225?l=civilengineeringseminarsforstudents.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Nashid Usmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16399294491026500382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5645710934335182060.post-90832523919167650032010-12-11T23:22:00.000-08:002010-12-11T23:24:10.650-08:002010-12-11T23:24:10.650-08:00EQUIPMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">1.INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Equipments for the control of particulate pollutants are broadly divided into 5:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l10 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Gravity settling chamber.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l10 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Mechanical collectors.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l10 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Fabric filters.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l10 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">4.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Particulate wet scrubbers.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l10 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">5.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Electrostatic precipitators<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Each of these five categories include several types of devices. A brief description of the five main classes and the various devices included in them is given below.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2. BRIEF DESCRIPTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.1 Gravity Settling Chamber<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">As the name implies , this category of control devices relies upon gravity settling to remove particles from the gas stream. These are usually used as precleaners for more efficient collectors.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.2 Mechanical Collectors<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Mechanical collectors use the inertia of the particles for collection. The particulate-laden gas stream is forced to spin in a cyclonic manner. The centrifugal force on particles in a spinning stream is much greater than gravity and hence cyclonic mechanical collectors are very effective.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The prominent types of mechanical collectors are:-<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l8 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Large diameter cyclones<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l8 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Small diameter multi-cyclones<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.3 Particulate Wet Scrubbers<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Particulate wet scrubbers utilize liquids to assist in the removal of particulates from the carrier gas stream. The object of the scrubber is to transfer suspended particulate matter in the gas to the scrubbing liquid which can be readily removed by the gas clearing device. Following are the commonly used types of scrubbers:-<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l6 level1 lfo3"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Spray towers<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l6 level1 lfo3"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Venturi scrubber<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l6 level1 lfo3"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Impingement plate scrubber<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.4 Fabric Filters<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Fabric filters consist of a tubular bag or an envelope, suspended or mounted with open ends in such a way that when the dirty gas passes through it, the particulate matter is arrested on the inside fabric surface of the bag. The whole system is generally known as baghouse.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Some of the popular types are:-<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Reverse air baghouse<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Reverse jet baghouse<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2.5 Electrostatic Precipitation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Electrostatic precipitation is a physical process by which particles suspended in a gas stream are charged electrically and, under influence of electrical field, separated from the gas stream. Electrostatic precipitators are used to remove aerosol from large volumes of gas.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3. APPLICATIONS OF THE VARIOUS TYPES OF CONTROL EQUIPMENTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3.1Gravity Settling Chamber<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">These devices are used in pre-treatment of gases before any other type of collector.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3.2 Mechanical Collector<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Mechanical collectors are used if the particulate matter is primarily dry.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3.3Particulate Wet Scrubber<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">These are used if there is a high concentration of wet and/or sticky particulate matter.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3.4Fabric Filters<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Filtration baghouses are used if the particulates are dry and if these particulates, i.e. the gases or vapors in the gas stream are combustible or explosive.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3.5Electrostatic Precipitators<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Electrostatic precipitators are used for dry particulate matter and for vapors which are combustible. ESPs’ are usually widely applicable.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4.MERITS AND DEMERITS OF THE DIFFERENT EQUIPMENT TYPES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4.1 Gravity Settling Chamber<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Merits<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:44.35pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo5"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Low initial cost<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:44.35pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo5"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Simple construction<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:44.35pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo5"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Low maintenance cost<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:44.35pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo5"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Low pressure drop<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Demerits<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo6"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Large space requirement <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo6"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Only larger sized particles can be collected<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4.2 Mechanical Collectors<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Merits<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l7 level1 lfo7"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Low cost<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l7 level1 lfo7"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Cyclonic collectors can handle a very wide range of physical and chemical conditions of operation, as compared to other devices.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Demerits<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo8"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">During cyclonic separation , the carrier gas rotational velocity may exceed several times the average inlet gas velocity.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4.3 Electrostatic Precipitator<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Merits<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo8"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Pressure drop is less<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo8"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Power requirement is less <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo8"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Large gas volumes can be handled <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo8"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Ability to operate over a wide range of conditions<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo8"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">High efficiency to remove very small particles even as small as 0.1 micron.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo8"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Negligible treatment time<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Demerits<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo9"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">High initial cost <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo9"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Special safety precautions required <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo9"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Large space required <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo9"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Possible explosion hazards when combustible particulates or gases enter.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4.4 Fabric Filters<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Merits<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l4 level1 lfo10"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">High collection efficiency, for particles smaller than 10 micron<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l4 level1 lfo10"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Low pressure drop<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l4 level1 lfo10"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Nominal power consumption<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l4 level1 lfo10"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Simple operational procedure<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Demerits<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l4 level1 lfo10"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Large size <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l4 level1 lfo10"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">High construction cost <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l4 level1 lfo10"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">High maintenance cost<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4.5 Particulate Scrubbers<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Merits<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l9 level1 lfo11"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Can be used on sources that have potentially explosive gases or particulate matter<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l9 level1 lfo11"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Small space requirements<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l9 level1 lfo11"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Very compact and can be retrofitted into existing plants.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Demerits<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l9 level1 lfo11"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">They require makeup water to replace the water vaporized into the gas stream and lost to plurge liquid and sludge removed from the scrubber system<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l9 level1 lfo11"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">These devices generate a waste stream that needs to be treated properly<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">5.STUDY ON A FEW PROMINENT DEVICES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">5.1Gravity Settling Chamber<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A settling chamber consists of a huge box installed in the ductwork. The sudden expansion of size of the chamber reduces the speed of the dust filled airstream and heavier particles settle out. Simple chambers are simple in design and can be manufactured from almost any material.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">5.2Large Diameter Cyclone<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">This is a mechanical collector. A typical large diameter cyclone system is shown in the adjoining figure. The gas stream enters the cyclone tangentially and creates a weak vortex of spinning gas in the cyclone body. Large diameter particles move toward the cyclone body wall and then serttle into the hopper of the cyclone.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The cleaned gas turns and exits the cyclone. Large diameter cyclones are used to collect particles ranging in diameter from one sixteenth inch to more than 6 inches.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">5.3Spray Tower Scrubbers<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">This is the simplest and most common particulate wet scrubber in commercial service. Sets of spray nozzles located at near the top of the scrub vessel generate water droplets that impact with particles in the gas stream as the gas stream moves upwards.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A typical spray tower is shown in the figure.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">5.4Reverse Air Type Fabric Filter<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">This is one of the major categories of fabric filters. It is used mainly for large industrial sources. A typical reverse air type fabric filter is shown in the adjoining figure.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">In this type of unit, the particle laden gas stream enters from the bottom and passes into the inside of the bags. Filtered gas passes through the bags and is exhausted from the unit. When cleaning is necessary, dampers are used to isolate a compartment of bags from the inlet gas flow. Then some of the filtered gas passes in the reverse direction (from the outside of the bag to the inside) in order to remove some of the dust cake. The gas use for reverse cleaning is then re-filtered and released.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">5.5Electrostatic Precipitator<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The figure attached shows the scale of a typical electrostatic precipitator used at a coal-fired boiler.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Essentially, all of these units are divided into a number of separately energized areas that are termed fields. Most precipitators have between 3 and 10 fields in series along the gas floor path. On large units, the precipitators are divided into a number of separate, parallel chambers, each of which has an equal number of fields in series.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The gas enters these fields and a high voltage electrical charge is applied to the small diameter electrode in the center of the gas passage. The large vertical surfaces on both sides of the electrode are electrically grounded collection plates. The particles in the gas stream, which is moving horizontally through the unit, become charged and then move to either side.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">6.CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Since pollution these days, is at an alarmingly high level, the technologies and equipments we use to check and control pollution should also be state-of-the-art.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Equipments available for the control of particulate pollutants are widely effective and user-friendly. These equipments are with no doubt, a vital part of today’s world, n order to providea pollution free atmosphere.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">7.REFERENCES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">1. <i>Dust Collector</i>, Wikipedia, < </span><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">www.wikipedia.org</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">2. <i>Air pollution control devices</i>, Gary. M. Hutter<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">3. Environmental Protection Agency – Reference sheet<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">4. <i>Basic Concepts in Environmental Sciences</i>, Gerard Sinclair<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>5. <i>Air Pollution Control Equipment Selection Guide</i>, Kenneth Schiffer<o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5645710934335182060-9083252391916765003?l=civilengineeringseminarsforstudents.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Nashid Usmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16399294491026500382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5645710934335182060.post-72146729429074733152010-05-30T01:06:00.000-07:002010-05-30T01:08:56.740-07:002010-05-30T01:08:56.740-07:00Construction Engineering Seminar TopicsBuilding Systems<br />Advance Environmental Systems<br />Entrepreneurship and Venture Management<br />Real Estate Development Track<br />Building Information Modeling and Integrated Practice<br />Advanced Real Estate Law<br />Heavy Construction Methods and Operations<br />Directed Research in Civil Engineering<br />Building Typologies<br />Market Analysis for Real Estate<br />Real Estate Project Development<br />Advanced Topics in Real Estate Finance<br />Real Estate Finance, Investments and Development<br />Advanced Structures<br />Advanced Construction Materials : Microsilica In Concrete<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5645710934335182060-7214672942907473315?l=civilengineeringseminarsforstudents.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Nashid Usmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16399294491026500382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5645710934335182060.post-61653855157964625482010-05-30T00:46:00.000-07:002010-05-30T01:01:40.485-07:002010-05-30T01:01:40.485-07:00Civil Seminar TopicsIntelligent transportation systems (ITS)<br />Advanced Road Transportation System<br />The generation and safe use of hydrogen as a road vehicle secondary fuel<br />Transportation planning and modeling: trip generation & trip distribution<br />Application of high-speed trains to existing rail routes<br />Developments of energy storage and power density for secondary road vehicle fuels<br />Open channel hydraulics<br />Transportation demand theory<br />Integrated multi–modal transportation systems<br />Traffic flow models<br />Lean Burn Technology<br />Race Car Engineering<br />Quasi Turbine Engines<br />Micro System Technology in assembly & Fabrication<br />Advanced Road Transportation System<br />Ion Drive Engine<br />Multi Refractive headlamps<br />Hy-wire<br />Automated highway systems<br />Negative Pressure Supercharging<br />Vision Systems for Safe Driving<br />Recent trends in engine development<br />Adaptive Light patterns for Automobiles<br />Fluidised Bed Combustion<br />Variable timing Valve Trains (VTVT)<br />Automobile navigation advanced Systems<br />Syntronic brake systems.<br />Adaptive Cruise control Plus (ACC+)<br />Advanced Luxury in Cars<br />Frictionless Compressor technology<br />Hydrodive<br />Composite leaf spring suspension<br />Copy the links and paste it in the search bar for more information..<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5645710934335182060-6165385515796462548?l=civilengineeringseminarsforstudents.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Nashid Usmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16399294491026500382noreply@blogger.com0